Tilapia fish skin has demonstrated promise as a stable and practical biological dressing to be used in wound and burn management. However, the appropriate sterilization technique of the Tilapia fish skin is crucial before its clinical application. The standard sterilization technique must eliminate harmful pathogens but maintain the structural and biochemical properties that could compromise the dressing function. This study investigated and compared the efficiency of three sterilizing agents; chlorhexidine gluconate 4% (CHG), povidone iodine 10% (PVP-I), and silver nanoparticles (25μg/ml)(AgNPs), at three different times (5, 10, and 15 min) on Tilapia fish skin based on the microbial count, histological and collagen properties. Among the sterilization procedures,AgNPs showed rapid and complete antimicrobial activity, with a 100% reduction in microbial growth of the fish skin throughout the treated times. Furthermore, AgNPs did not impair the cellular structure or collagen fibers content of the fish skin. However,CHG and PVP-I caused alterations in the collagen content. This study demonstrated that the AgNPs treatment of Tilapia fish skin provided sterile skin while preserving the histological properties and structural integrity. These findings provide an efficient and quick sterilization method suitable for Tilapia fish skin that could be adopted as a biological dressing.

Tilapia fish skin has demonstrated promise as a stable and practical biological dressing to be used in wound and burn management. However, the appropriate sterilization technique of the Tilapia fish skin is crucial before its clinical application. The standard sterilization technique must eliminate harmful pathogens but maintain the structural and biochemical properties that could compromise the dressing function. This study investigated and compared the efficiency of three sterilizing agents; chlorhexidine gluconate 4% (CHG), povidone iodine 10% (PVP-I), and silver nanoparticles (25μg/ml)(AgNPs), at three different times (5, 10, and 15 min) on Tilapia fish skin based on the microbial count, histological and collagen properties. Among the sterilization procedures,AgNPs showed rapid and complete antimicrobial activity, with a 100% reduction in microbial growth of the fish skin throughout the treated times. Furthermore, AgNPs did not impair the cellular structure or collagen fibers content of the fish skin. However,CHG and PVP-I caused alterations in the collagen content. This study demonstrated that the AgNPs treatment of Tilapia fish skin provided sterile skin while preserving the histological properties and structural integrity. These findings provide an efficient and quick sterilization method suitable for Tilapia fish skin that could be adopted as a biological dressing.

The prevalence of parasitic infestations was studied in camels. A total of 460 camels of different age, sex and localities were examined. Collected fecal samples were subjected to sedimentation and floatation techniques and then examined for detection parasitic eggs. Fecal examination revealed that 26.9% of the camels parasitic eggs in their feces. Different types of parasites eggs prevalence were Strongylus sp. 8.2%, Trichostrongylus sp. 6.7%, Trichuris sp. 4.7%, and mixed infections with parasites were recorded in 7.1 %. In these results recorded hard ticks infestation in camels 28.6%. Sarcoptic scabei var cameli (mange-mite) infested camels are 12.1%. Moreover, blood smears from jugular vein revealed that camels are infestation by blood parasites as Trypanosoma evansi is 9.5%.The prevalence of parasitic infestation as internal and external observed in the present study was suggests that parasites are more common in the farms or herds camels that examined and may be leads to economic camel production losses, so the treatment of infested camels with a specific and effective drugs as the following ivermectin for external and internal parasites and cymelarsan against trypanosomiasis, are needed to control spreading of parasitic infestation and also prevent the losses of camels.

Various incurable eye diseases in companion animals often result in phthisis bulbi and eye removal surgery. Currently, the evisceration method using silicone balls is useful in animals; however, it is not available to those with impaired cornea or severe ocular atrophy. Moreover, ocular implant and prostheses are not widely used because of the diversity in animal size and eye shape, and high manufacturing cost. Here, we produced low-cost and customized artificial eyes, including implant and prosthesis, using computer-aided design and three-dimensional (3D) printing technique. For 3D modeling, the size of the artificial eyes was optimized using B-mode ultrasonography. The design was exported to STL files, and then printed using polycaprolactone (PCL) for prosthesis and mixture of PCL and hydroxyapatite (HA) for ocular implant. The 3D printed artificial eyes could be produced in less than one and half hour. The prosthesis was painted using oil colors and biocompatible resin. Two types of eye removal surgery, including evisceration and enucleation, were performed using two beagle dogs, as a preliminary study. After the surgery, the dogs were clinically evaluated for 6 months and then histopathological evaluation of the implant was done. Ocular implant was biocompatible and host tissue ingrowth was induced after in vivo application. The custom-made prosthesis was cosmetically excellent. Although long-term clinical follow-up might be required, the use of 3D printed-customized artificial eyes may be beneficial for animals that need personalized artificial eye surgery.

Bypass grafting using autologous vessels or synthetic vascular conduits still has many limitations especially with small-diameter (SD) arteries, thus new approaches to produce alternative vascular grafts are required. Decellularization is a promising solution to produce tissue engineering vascular grafts. Herein, we aimed to test whether decellularized human umbilical artery (dHUA) remains a suitable scaffold for future use in vascular graft bioengineering. Human umbilical artery (HUA) was successfully decellularized as determined by the absence of visible nuclei, and reduction in DNA content, whereas Masson's Trichrome stains and quantitative proteomics showed preservation of the extracellular matrix components. Moreover, elimination of MHC class I and II in dHUA was verified by immunohistochemistry, and mechanical testing demonstrated no differences regarding ultimate tensile strength and suture retention strength between decellularized and native HUA. Human umbilical cord vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) attached and grew well within the dHUA while maintained in a perfusion 3D-bioreactor, confirming dHUA cytocompatibility. Finally, in vivo implantation in sheep carotid bypass model confirmed that dHUA withstood arterial blood pressure in vivo with successful anastomosis. Sheep host immune blood cell count showed no obvious difference between dHUA and allogeneic sheep decellularized vessel. Yet, ultrasound examination and end-point histology, confirmed as expected that dHUA is prone to early (

Liver fibrosis results from excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins that distort the hepatic architecture. Progression of liver fibrosis results in cirrhosis and liver failure, and often, liver transplantation is required. The decellularized liver tissue contains different components that mimic the natural hepatic environment. We hypothesized that a decellularized liver hydrogel can be used to replace the necrotic hepatocytes and damaged ECM. Therefore, our aim in this study is to develop a therapy for treating liver fibrosis. Mice livers were decellularized and processed to form a hepatic hydrogel. We evaluated the biocompatibility and bioactivity of the hydrogel. The ability of the hydrogel to enhance the migration of hepatocytes and endothelial cells was investigated. Human hepatic stellate cell line (LX-2) activated by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) was used as in vitro model for fibrogenesis. Then, the hydrogel was injected into the liver parenchyma of mice after the induction of liver fibrosis using thioacetamide. The resulting hydrogel maintained a complex composition, which included glycosaminoglycans, collagen, elastin, and growth factors. Hepatocytes and endothelial cells were shown to migrate toward the hydrogel in vitro. Liver hydrogel improved TGF-β1-induced LX-2 cells activation via blocking the TGF-β1/Smad pathway. The matrix was delivered successfully in vivo and enhanced the reduction of fibrosis and recovery to a nearly normal structure. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that the liver hydrogel can be utilized as an injectable biomaterial for liver tissue engineering in order to reduce the degree of fibrosis.

The development of biocompatible patches that can provide adequate mechanical properties and mimicking the physiological relevance still has enormous challenges in the field of tissue engineering. In this study, the aim is to engineer and develop tri-layered nanofiber patches to synchronous the mechanical properties and mimic the complex structure of living cardiovascular tissues. The developed patches consisting of blended silk fibrin (SF) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composite as a hydrophilic middle layer. The upper and lower layers were composed of polycaprolactone polymer (PCL) and Poly (Lactic Acid) (PLA), respectively. Layer by layer of the developed patches were fabricated by electrospinning technique. The patches characteristics such as morphology, surface topography, and physiochemical, biodegradable and mechanical stability were investigated. Furthermore, a human endothelial cell line (EA. hy926) was exploited to assess the biological properties of the fabricated patches. The results show that the patches had high endothelial cells biocompatibility, mechanical elasticity, and unique nanofibers structure.

Bioengineering a functional organ holds great potential to overcome the current gap between the organ need and shortage of available organs. Whole organ decellularization allows the removal of cells from large-scale organs, leaving behind extracellular matrices containing different growth factors, structural proteins, and a vascular network with a bare surface. Successful application of decellularized tissues as transplantable organs is hampered by the inability to completely reline the vasculature by endothelial cells (ECs), leading to blood coagulation, loss of vascular patency, and subsequent death of reseeded cells. Therefore, an intact, continuous layer of endothelium is essential to maintain proper functioning of the vascular system, which includes the transfer of nutrients to surrounding tissues and protecting other types of cells from shear stress. Here, we aimed to summarize the available cell sources that can be used for reendothelialization in addition to different trials performed by researchers to reconstruct vascularization of decellularized solid organs. Additionally, different techniques for enhancing reendothelialization and the methods used for evaluating reendothelialization efficiency along with the future prospective applications of this field are discussed. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Despite the great progress in whole organ decellularization, reconstruction of vasculature within the engineered constructs is still a major roadblock. Reconstructed endothelium acts as a multifunctional barrier of vessels, which can reduce thrombosis and help delivering of oxygen and nutrients throughout the whole organ. Successful reendothelialization can be achieved through reseeding of appropriate cell types on the naked vasculature with or without modification of its surface. Here, we present the current research milestones that so far established to reconstruct the vascular network in addition to the methods used for evaluating the efficiency of reendotheilization. Thus, this review is quite significant and will aid the researchers to know where we stand toward biofabricating a transplantable organ from decellularizd extracellular matrix.

Background and Aim: Congenital anomalies of the urinary system are common affections in ruminants. Dilatation of the pelvic urethra is one of these affections in which the pelvic urethra dilated than normal diameter. This study aimed to explain the diagnosis and surgical treatment of urethral dilatation in cattle calves. Materials and Methods: Twenty-three bull calves (2-7 months old) were presented with a history of stranguria, tenesmus, and straining. Diagnosis of urethral dilatation was relied on the case history and clinical examination and was confirmed using survey and contrast radiography, ultrasonography, and biochemical tests. Treatment was done by urethrostomy under the effect of local infiltration analgesia. Results: Physical examination revealed the presence of an oval, firm, and painless swelling at the perineal region, starting just below the anus and extended to the base of the scrotum. The owners reported that the initial swelling size and severity of symptoms increased with the progress of animal age. Biochemical findings revealed non-significant changes in blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels. Radiographic findings showed an oval radiopaque mass. However, a well-demarcated structure with acoustic enhancement was detected on ultrasonographic examination. Urethrostomy resulted in a successful outcome of all cases. Conclusion: Depending on these findings, ultrasonography is the most reliable diagnostic tool and urethrostomy is the intervention of choice with acceptable results for diagnosis and treatment of urethral dilatation in cattle calves, respectively.

Background and Aim: Congenital anomalies of the urinary system are common affections in ruminants. Dilatation of the pelvic urethra is one of these affections in which the pelvic urethra dilated than normal diameter. This study aimed to explain the diagnosis and surgical treatment of urethral dilatation in cattle calves. Materials and Methods: Twenty-three bull calves (2-7 months old) were presented with a history of stranguria, tenesmus, and straining. Diagnosis of urethral dilatation was relied on the case history and clinical examination and was confirmed using survey and contrast radiography, ultrasonography, and biochemical tests. Treatment was done by urethrostomy under the effect of local infiltration analgesia. Results: Physical examination revealed the presence of an oval, firm, and painless swelling at the perineal region, starting just below the anus and extended to the base of the scrotum. The owners reported that the initial swelling size and severity of symptoms increased with the progress of animal age. Biochemical findings revealed non-significant changes in blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels. Radiographic findings showed an oval radiopaque mass. However, a well-demarcated structure with acoustic enhancement was detected on ultrasonographic examination. Urethrostomy resulted in a successful outcome of all cases. Conclusion: Depending on these findings, ultrasonography is the most reliable diagnostic tool and urethrostomy is the intervention of choice with acceptable results for diagnosis and treatment of urethral dilatation in cattle calves, respectively.