In this study, a polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment lengthpolymorphism analysis (PCR-RFLP)-based method was applied to identify the meat origin of different animal species by using a universal primer cytochrome b (cyt b1 and cyt b2). It is common in to adulterate buffalo’s meat for sale to consumers. Identification of the species of origin for meat and products is important and useful in practice to protect human from adulteration, because it allows the detection offraud in the form of the substitution of a less costly type of meat for one of a higher quality. Meat samples were collected from 4 farm animals' species (cattle, buffalo, goat and sheep) to differentiate each species according to its mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). This method was based on mtDNA conserved region sequence variations. The DNA sequence of mitochondrial cytochrome b gene is 359-bp was obtained from gene-bank data base (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). Then the PCR product was digested, using restriction endonuclease enzymes and yield species-specific restriction profile. This technique is more sensitive and also specific for meat species identification and differentiation. Therefore, this assay may be suitable test and more rapid than conventional methods. The economic impact of this situation leads to many investigations of potential fraud meat and meat products. The mitochondrialencoded cytb gene was used as a molecular marker for the discrimination of meat and meat products species,
KEY WORDS: Meat, Meat products, PCR, RFLP analysis, mitDNA, Animal species.

In this investigation, some epidemiological studies were run on subclinical mastitis for totally 350 dairy cows of different breeds, ages and distributed in different villages in Assiut governorate, Assiut, Egypt, along a whole year (during the period from June 2006 till July 2007) through field screening surveys by using of the California mastitis test (CMT) for each quarter milk sample followed by bacteriological examination to identify the major causative agents of intramammary infection (IMI). The dairy cows were differed from the breed point of view as 230 Holstein Friesian breed and 120 native breed. Also, they were differed from the age point of view as a group of 95 cows aged from 2 to 4 years old and another group of 255 cow aged from 5 to 8 years old. All dairy cows were apparently healthy with clinically sound udder secreting apparently normal milk. All the cows lived nearly under the same conditions of breeding from the habitat, hygiene and feeding systems. The obtained results revealed that 67 cows (19.14%) had 80 infected quarters (5.71%). It was found that the most frequently major causative agents isolated wereStaphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli from the positive CMT samples with prevalence 52.5, 31.25 and 16.25%, respectively. With studying the breed factor, it was found Friesian breed was sensitive towards infection (20.43% at the cow level and 6.09% at the quarter level) than of native breed (16.67% at the cow level and 5% at the quarter level). It was also noticed that the prevalence of subclinical mastitis in hot weather as during summer (9.14% at the cow level and 2.64% at the quarter level) and during spring (4.86% at the cow level and 1.36% at the quarter level) was higher than in cold weather as during winter (2% at the cow level and 0.64% at the quarter level) and during autumn (3.14% at the cow level and 1.07% at the quarter level). In relation to age susceptibility, 5-8 years old cows (15.43% at the cow level and 4.36% at the quarter level) were susceptible than those of 2-4 years (3.71% at the cow level and 1.36% at the quarter level). The degree of quarter attack according to positive CMT was varied from 35 quarters (2.50%) showed degree (+++), to 45 ones (3.22%) showed degree (++), to 120 ones (8.57%) showed degree (+) and the rest (85.71%) showed degree (-). The obtained results threw the light on the epidemiology of subclinical mastitis in Assiut villages and provided an importance of the CMT for diagnosis of subclinical mastitis due to it is a reliable, easy, rapid and cheap tool helping in diagnosis and controlling the disease because it directs attention to individual mammary quarter that is secreting milk of high somatic cell content (SCC). Programs for control of subclinical mastitis may be planned around the routine examination of all lactating cows, and consequently
early treatment can be applied towards positive cases rapidly for preventing their conversion towards clinical form among dairy cows and for protecting the herd health, milk hygiene and consequently the consumer health.
Key words: Epidemiology, Subclinical mastitis, California mastitis test (CMT), Intramammary
infection, Dairy cows.

A polymerase chain reaction with the restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method using universal primers complementary to the conserved region of the cytochrome b gene (cyt b) of the mitochondrion DNA (mtDNA) of vertebrates was applied to the identification of the origin of blood meals in tsetse flies. Blood samples from ten potential tsetse hosts of the family bovidae (cattle, water buffalo, red buffalo, waterbuck, springbok, goat, sheep, sable antelope, oryx and dik-dik) were included in this study. Sites for appropriate restriction endonucleases cuts were chosen by pairwise alignment of the amplified 359 bp fragments.
A flow chart of endonucleases digestion using three restriction enzymes (e.g. TaqI, AluI and HindII) for the unequivocal identification of the respective bovid species was developed. A number of additional nonspecific
DNA fragments attributed to the co-amplification of cytochrome b pseudogenes were observed in some species (e.g. in red buffalo and dik-dik after digestion with AluI) but did not hamper assignment of bovid species. The detection rate of host DNA in tsetse by PCR-RFLP was 100, 80, 60 and 40% at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h after in vitro feeding, respectively. Identification of the last blood meal was possible even when tsetse had previously fed on different hosts.
Keywords Glossina, Blood meal identification, Bovidae, Cytochrome b, PCR-RFLP

The study aimed to detect the prevalence of camel filariasis in Upper Egypt, the effect of age, sex, season, locality and periodicity of sampling and treatment of infested cases and also determines the diagnostic technique
for detection of the parasite. The study carried out on a total number of 350 camels (Camelus dromedarius)
belonged to different Governorates in Upper Egypt including Assuit, Sohag, Asswan and El-wady El-gaded, by
using the following methods for diagnosis of camel filariasis, wet blood film, thin blood film, thick blood film and
concentration technique (Knott’s technique). From the total number of examined camels (13 out of 350) camels were positive by blood film in percentage of 3.71%. The highest percentage of infection was recorded in El-Wady El-gaded Governorate (10.83%), hot season showed 4.96%, female more susceptible (7.79%) than male (2.56%), local breed more susceptible 5.9% while imported were 0%, samples taken at night time gave (5.59%) while day time 2.41%. 5–10 years old camels more susceptible than others and from clinically suspected camels (106) only 11 camels were positive by blood film while clinically healthy camels 244 only 2 camels were positive by blood film.
Keywords Prevalence, Camels, Filariasis, Diagnosis,Treatment

The present study was carried out to investigate the epidemiological and clinical status of bovine Theileriosis
in Aswan governorate. During a 2-year study, 265 cattle were clinically suspected upon careful clinical examination as Theileria infected animals. Conventional diagnosis based on blood and lymph smears examinations showed that, the prevalence of Tropical Theileriosis in cattle in Aswan Governorate was 56 (21.13%). Giemsa stained blood smears showed presence of macro-schizont inside lymphocyte (Koch’s blue bodies), micro-schizonts inside lymphocyte, raptured schizont and intraerythrocytic stages of Theileria annulata piroplasms inside RBCs..Polymerase chain reactions of T. annulata merozoite-piroplasm surface antigen Targeting gene: (Tams1) revealed positive 29 (58%) animals confirmed by visualization of specific bands at 768 bP. Positive results could be detected in suspected cattle that showed positive or negative blood smear results that proved the high sensitivity of PCR test compared with the conventional method for diagnosis of bovine tropical Theileriosis. PCR proved a highly sensitive and accurate method for diagnosis of bovine tropical Theileriosis especially in detection of blood and lymph smears negative cases.
Keywords | Epidemiology, Theileria annulata, Bovine, Diagnosis, PCR

Neonatal diarrhea is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in calves, and Rotavirus is the main viral etiology.
Rotavirus vaccines are one of the main important methods for control of diarrhea in neonates’ calves. In the current study, Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of Bovine Rotavirus Group a (BRVA) were performed in our study. 1 Calf guard® vaccine genotype (G6P1) and 5 different field genotypes (2 G6P5, 1 G10P5, G10P? and 1 G10P11) were subjected to DNA sequencing. We observed that at the nucleotide level, G10P5 and G10P? Sequences were 100 % identical with each other, two G6P5 sequences were 100% identical with each other and there was no significant similarity between sequences of G10P11 with sequences of G6P5, G10P5, and G10P? The phylogenetic analysis of G10P5 and G10P? Isolates showed a close cluster with G10 isolates of Sharkia governorate, Egypt, phylogenetic analysis of two G6P5 and one G10P11 isolate showed a close cluster with the VP4 gene of Rotavirus isolates of Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt. Molecular comparison between detected and typed Rotaviruses’ genotypes with other genotypes of common vaccines indicated that there were genetically close or distance between field and vaccine Rotavirus strains. Our results can be concluded as the following, Molecular comparison between detected and typed Rotaviruses’ genotypes with other genotypes of common vaccines indicated that there was genetically close or distance between field and vaccinal Rotavirus strains. Also, we suggest that Rotavac vaccine containing G6P5 Rotavirus strain and Scour guard vaccine containing can be used in Assiut governorate due to circulating of G6P5 and G10P11 strains of Rotavirus in Assiut.

The present study was performed in Dammam city in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia within the period from
July 2019 to June 2020 to associate the epidemiological prevalence of trichostrongyle infection in sheep in differentage groups, sex and seasons. A total of 400 sheep were examined randomly from different private farms, and faecal examination through direct smear and flotation techniques were done to determine the presence of the eggs. Out of these, 104 animals were infected with strongyle eggs with (26%) prevalence. Sex, season, and age were the factors that affect the prevalence of trichostrongyle infection in this study. Data analysis reported that there was a significant effect for the season and sex on the trichostrongyle infection level; the highest nematode infection level was observed in the cold months (December-April) with a prevalence of 36.44% and lowest prevalence (15.17%) in hot months (May-September) (P<0.05). Females were found to be more prone to infection (31.48%) than males (14.61%) (P<0.05). Young sheep less than 6 months old were slightly less infected (25.62%) than old animals (6-36 months) (26.25%), but the age did not affect significantly the nematodes prevalence as P>0.05. The current study demonstrated that the trichostrongyle prevalence was low in such a dry weather area, with sustainable control programs. Risk factors of age, season, and sex were considered as factors influencing nematodes prevalence. These findings should contribute to advising appropriate control programs.
Keywords | Sheep, Trichostrongyle egg, Prevalence, Season, Sex, Age

Rotavirus ribonucleic acid was extracted from 16 fecal samples of the serologically positive diarrheic calves using Latex agglutination test (LAT) and Immunochrmatographic assay (ICA). The extracted RNA was submitted to Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect VP7 and VP4 genes and the positive samples were 100% (16/16) and 81.25% (13/16), respectively. The amplified products were subjected to G and P-genotyping by semi-nested multiplex PCR using of G6, G8 and G10 genotyping and P1, P5 and P11 genotyping primers, respectively. G6 was detected in 10 (62.50%) of 16 samples and G10 was diagnosed in 5 (31.25%) of 16 samples and one (6.25%) sample did not react with any G primer used. P5 was detected in 9 (56.25%) of 16 samples, P11 was diagnosed in 3 (18.75%) of 16 samples, mixed infection with P5+P11 was observed in 1 (6.25%) of 16 samples and 3 (18.75%) samples did not react with any P primer used. G and P genotypes combination revealed that G6P5 was in 50% (8/16), G10P11 in 12.50% (2/16), G10P5 in 6.25% (1/16), G6P11 in 6.25% (1/16), G10 (P5+P11) in 6.25% (1/16), G6P? in 6.25% (1/16), G10P? in 6.25% (1/16), and G?P? in 6.25% (1/16). These results suggest that the detected genotypes can used as dominant strains for the formulation of an appropriate vaccine against BRV in Assiut Governorate. In conclusion, RT-PCR and Semi-nested multiplex PCR can used as rapid and confirmatory test for detection of nucleic acid and genotypes of Rotavirus, G and P genotypes combination in the present study revealed that G6P5, G6P11, G10P5 and G10P11 were circulating genotypes in bovine population in Assiut governorate. G6P5 strain was the most common of all strain diagnosed in other fecal samples. The presence of various combinations of G and P genotypes among field isolates of BRV suggests that genetic reassortment frequently occurred between viral strains with genes encoding different G and P genotypes. Finally, presence of different genotypes of Rotaviruses emphasizes their simultaneous monitoring in animals for the development and optimization of Rotavirus vaccines.
KEYWORDS: Bovine Rotavirus, RNA, RT-PCR, G and P Genotyping.

A detailed Clinico-pathological profile of clinically diseased cattle and buffaloes with Theileriosis located in Al-Ghaniem region, Assiut Governorate, was aimed. Theileria annulata was confirmed by the presence of T. annulata piroplasms in blood smears and/or lymph smears followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). During the period of investigation (April 2015 to August 2018), out of the clinically inspected cattle (n= 300) and buffaloes (n= 100), 80 (26.67%) and 15 (15 %) cases were clinically suspected to have Theileriosis, respectively. The positive cases were molecularly identified (PCR). The general observed signs were anorexia, fever, swelling of superficial lymph nodes. Ocular lesions were white cloudiness were more obvious in the center of cornea rather than the borders (yellowish colored corneoscleral opacity surrounded by hyperemic band). A watery discharge from the eyes. Serous ocular discharge (watery lacrimation) was remarkable, however in severe cases the ocular discharges was accumulated in the medial canthus. Some newly born calves of less than one month exposed to ocular symptoms mainly protruding of eye ball with ictric conjunctiva. The clinical examination of conjunctivae of the clinically suspected cases with Theileriosis indicated that icteric appearance of conjunctivae in some cases. Three cases showed petechiated conjunctivae. In our study some animals showed up--word visible bulging of temporal fossa. Visible protrusion of hemorrhagic conjunctiva with apparently exophthalmia (ocular edema) were observed. Bloody diarrhea and tarry like diarrhea, change in feeding behavior or habit like depraved appetite by eating mud ,soil were noticed. On the other side, the most prominent necropsy features the recently succumbed animals: Gross changes in various organs including heart lungs, trachea, stomach, liver, spleen, kidneys superficial lymph nodes, mesenteric lymph nodes, small and large intestine. All mucous membranes and conjunctivae, peritoneum and abdominal fatty tissues were icteric. On external observation. Jaundice, petechial hemorrhages involving mucosal and serosal surfaces of many organs as well as body fat. In the thoracic cavity, the most prominent autopsy findings were obviously extra edematous swelling of all lobes of the lung, hydrothorax and the lung was distended, discolored, solid in texture, and filled with exudate by palpation, The liver was friable, yellowish, and larger than normal, with the gall bladder being markedly distended with dark olive-green or brownish green bile. The abomasum was the most severely affected organ in the alimentary canal, it contains numerous ulcers about 3 mm. in diameter .a few linear ulcers were present on the leaves. There were prominent hemorrhagic ulcers and petechial hemorrhages were seen in the abomasum of the most cases. There were remarkable enlargement of spleen (splenomegaly) were also recorded. The kidneys were congested or dark brown in color and their perirenal fat were yellowish in color. The heart had petechial and hemorrhages on the outer and inner surface of the auricles.
Key word: Cattle, Buffaloes, Theileriosis, polymerase chain reaction, autopsy finding

Toxoplasma gondii is intracellular protozoan parasite that are distributed worldwide and of major economic importance in the livestock industry especially sheep and goats. Sheep and goats are thought to be biological indicators of environmental contamination with T. gondii oocysts. In addition, in developing countries such as Saudi Arabia, where sheep and goat meat is commonly consumed, T. gondii infection in small ruminants may also affect public health risks. So that we estimate the prevalence of T. gondii infections in small ruminants, by using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect the antibodies to assess the seroprevalence in 130 sheep and 130 goats from Dammam city. A total of 130 sheep were sampled, of which 35 (26.9%) were positive for T. gondii, out of 130 tested goats 31 (23.8%) were positive for T. gondii. Our study also recorded 27 out 52 from the aborted ewes (51.9%) and 22 out 45 from the aborted does (48.8%) were seropositive for anti-T. gondii antibody. Significant differences (p value < 0.0001) were observed among previously aborted females when evaluated as risk factors for T. gondii infection in both ewes and does. In addition, the results revealed that the age in sheep more than 3 years give 31.1% but in goat 23%. Significant differences (p value < 0.0001) were observed among previously ages, sex and the farming system, from the results of this study showed a broad distribution for protozoan parasite (Toxoplasma gondii) in examined sheep and goat flocks. By using ELISA Toxoplasma gondii antibody test kit that provides a rapid, simple, sensitive and specific method for diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis.

Keywords: Toxoplasma gondii; Sheep; Goats; Saudi Arabia; Elisa