The present work studied the prenatal development of the rabbit gallbladder. It was carried on 14 embryos. The collected material which covered most of the prenatal developmental stages ranged from 10 to 30 days. The gall bladder was observed for the first time as a solid mass at 13 embryo. In the advancing ages, the gall bladder was elongated pear-shaped consisting of neck, body and fundus and lied in a fossa on the visceral surface of the right lobe. Excavation of the gallbladder began at 14 day embryo from the neck towards the fundus, in the form of small vacuoles. Complete excavation was observed at 24 day embryo. At this time, the structure of the wall was well established consisting of tunica mucosa, tunica muscularis and tunica serosa or adventitia.

The present work studied the prenatal development of the rabbit gallbladder. It was carried on 14 embryos. The collected material which covered most of the prenatal developmental stages ranged from 10 to 30 days. The gall bladder was observed for the first time as a solid mass at 13 embryo. In the advancing ages, the gall bladder was elongated pear-shaped consisting of neck, body and fundus and lied in a fossa on the visceral surface of the right lobe. Excavation of the gallbladder began at 14 day embryo from the neck towards the fundus, in the form of small vacuoles. Complete excavation was observed at 24 day embryo. At this time, the structure of the wall was well established consisting of tunica mucosa, tunica muscularis and tunica serosa or adventitia.

The present work studied the prenatal development of the rabbit gallbladder. It was carried on 14 embryos. The collected material which covered most of the prenatal developmental stages ranged from 10 to 30 days. The gall bladder was observed for the first time as a solid mass at 13 embryo. In the advancing ages, the gall bladder was elongated pear-shaped consisting of neck, body and fundus and lied in a fossa on the visceral surface of the right lobe. Excavation of the gallbladder began at 14 day embryo from the neck towards the fundus, in the form of small vacuoles. Complete excavation was observed at 24 day embryo. At this time, the structure of the wall was well established consisting of tunica mucosa, tunica muscularis and tunica serosa or adventitia.

he present study has determined the ability of Methoxychlor (MXC), an organochlorine pesticide, to induce hepatoxicity and nephrotoxicity in female rats and the effectiveness of propolis in modulating these effects in liver and kidney of rats. Animals were assigned to 1 of 4 groups in each stage of the experiment for 6 and 12 months, respectively: control; 200 mg MXC/kg bw, twice / week, orally; 200 mg propolis/L drinking water/ daily; MXC (200 mg/kg bw, twice / week, orally) plus propolis (200 mg/L, drinking water), respectively. Rats were administered their respective doses for 6 or 12 months. The levels of serum enzymes and histological alterations in liver and kidney were investigated. In addition, the levels of lipid peroxidation metabolite thiobarbituric acid reacting substances (TBARS) and the antioxidant enzyme reduced glutathione (GSH) were assayed in liver homogenate. MXC caused a significant increase in serum transaminases (AST and ALT), alkaline phosphatase, urea and creatinine levels, while MXC induced a significant reduction in total protein and albumin levels. MXC significantly inhibited lipid peroxidation and markedly enhanced glutathione in liver homogenate. Furthermore, severe pathological damages as: degeneration and coagulative necrosis of the hepatocytes were established in liver. Kidney showed increase cellularity of the glomeruli, degeneration of the tubular epithelium. Simultaneous treatments with propolis significantly modulated the toxic effects of MXC. It can be concluded that propolis has beneficial influences and could be able to antagonize MXC toxicity.

The current study investigated the levels of multi pesticide residues in the highly consumed types of Nile fish in Egypt: tilapia and cat fish. A total of 50 Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and 50 African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) were collected from two areas in Assiut city, where most industries are situated and where agricultural activities and raising of farm animals are the main activities. In the first area, Elwasta, there is an electrical power station, and the second area, Mankbad, there is a cement factory. Fish samples were analyzed by High Resolution Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. Average pesticide residue concentrations ± SE in muscle of tilapia and catfish (n = 10 pooled samples with five fish each) were determined. The results indicated the presence of different types of organophosphorous (OPs), organochlorine (OC), polychlorinated biphenyles (PCBs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and trifluralin pesticides in Elwasta and Mankbad in varying degrees. Diazenon was the only OP pesticide which exceeded the permissible limit in both investigated areas with the two types of fish. On the other hand, OCs, PCBs, HCB and trifluralin pesticide residue levels have not exceeded the maximum allowable concentration limit. In general, a higher pesticide residue level was obtained in Mankbad than Elwasta. In addition, higher values are realized for the detected pesticide residues in cat fish than tilapia. The results of the study have shown the extensive and recent use of these types of pesticides in the present time in Egypt.

The current study investigated the levels of multi pesticide residues in the highly consumed types of Nile fish in Egypt: tilapia and cat fish. A total of 50 Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and 50 African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) were collected from two areas in Assiut city, where most industries are situated and where agricultural activities and raising of farm animals are the main activities. In the first area, Elwasta, there is an electrical power station, and the second area, Mankbad, there is a cement factory. Fish samples were analyzed by High Resolution Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. Average pesticide residue concentrations ± SE in muscle of tilapia and catfish (n = 10 pooled samples with five fish each) were determined. The results indicated the presence of different types of organophosphorous (OPs), organochlorine (OC), polychlorinated biphenyles (PCBs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and trifluralin pesticides in Elwasta and Mankbad in varying degrees. Diazenon was the only OP pesticide which exceeded the permissible limit in both investigated areas with the two types of fish. On the other hand, OCs, PCBs, HCB and trifluralin pesticide residue levels have not exceeded the maximum allowable concentration limit. In general, a higher pesticide residue level was obtained in Mankbad than Elwasta. In addition, higher values are realized for the detected pesticide residues in cat fish than tilapia. The results of the study have shown the extensive and recent use of these types of pesticides in the present time in Egypt.

The current study investigated the levels of multi pesticide residues in the highly consumed types of Nile fish in Egypt: tilapia and cat fish. A total of 50 Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and 50 African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) were collected from two areas in Assiut city, where most industries are situated and where agricultural activities and raising of farm animals are the main activities. In the first area, Elwasta, there is an electrical power station, and the second area, Mankbad, there is a cement factory. Fish samples were analyzed by High Resolution Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. Average pesticide residue concentrations ± SE in muscle of tilapia and catfish (n = 10 pooled samples with five fish each) were determined. The results indicated the presence of different types of organophosphorous (OPs), organochlorine (OC), polychlorinated biphenyles (PCBs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and trifluralin pesticides in Elwasta and Mankbad in varying degrees. Diazenon was the only OP pesticide which exceeded the permissible limit in both investigated areas with the two types of fish. On the other hand, OCs, PCBs, HCB and trifluralin pesticide residue levels have not exceeded the maximum allowable concentration limit. In general, a higher pesticide residue level was obtained in Mankbad than Elwasta. In addition, higher values are realized for the detected pesticide residues in cat fish than tilapia. The results of the study have shown the extensive and recent use of these types of pesticides in the present time in Egypt.

The current study investigated the levels of multi pesticide residues in the highly consumed types of Nile fish in Egypt: tilapia and cat fish. A total of 50 Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and 50 African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) were collected from two areas in Assiut city, where most industries are situated and where agricultural activities and raising of farm animals are the main activities. In the first area, Elwasta, there is an electrical power station, and the second area, Mankbad, there is a cement factory. Fish samples were analyzed by High Resolution Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. Average pesticide residue concentrations ± SE in muscle of tilapia and catfish (n = 10 pooled samples with five fish each) were determined. The results indicated the presence of different types of organophosphorous (OPs), organochlorine (OC), polychlorinated biphenyles (PCBs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and trifluralin pesticides in Elwasta and Mankbad in varying degrees. Diazenon was the only OP pesticide which exceeded the permissible limit in both investigated areas with the two types of fish. On the other hand, OCs, PCBs, HCB and trifluralin pesticide residue levels have not exceeded the maximum allowable concentration limit. In general, a higher pesticide residue level was obtained in Mankbad than Elwasta. In addition, higher values are realized for the detected pesticide residues in cat fish than tilapia. The results of the study have shown the extensive and recent use of these types of pesticides in the present time in Egypt.

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