The comparative effect of raw red chili and red chili treated by gamma irradiation or microwave pasteurization with or without 5-fluorouracil on experimentally induced colon cancer in rats was investigated. Dimethylhydrazine was used to induce colon cancer which is histologically similar to and comparable with human neoplasm. Histopathological examination of dimethylhydrazine-treated rats demonstrated epithelial and goblet cell hyperplasia as well as preneoplastic changes of the rat colon expressed by loss of polarity of the nuclei and abnormal mitosis. The preneoplastic changes were developed to adenocarcinoma in 80% of cases. The liver showed different pathological pictures that included dysplastic changes, preneoplastic foci, and oval cell proliferation. We observed that red chili with or without 5-fluorouracil inhibited colon adenocarcinoma. The gamma red chili either alone or with 5-fluorouracil was the best groups. The gamma irradiated red chili alone decreased epithelial and goblet cell hyperplasia and preneoplastic changes in colon and dysplastic changes, oval cell proliferation, and Kupffer cell hyperplasia in the liver. The gamma irradiated red chili with 5-fluorouracil inhibited the preneoplastic changes in colon. It was concluded that the sanitization of red chili by gamma irradiation either alone or with 5-fluorouracil was more beneficial from the human health point of view than that by microwave.The comparative effect of raw red chili and red chili treated by gamma irradiation or microwave pasteurization with or without 5-fluorouracil on experimentally induced colon cancer in rats was investigated. Dimethylhydrazine was used to induce colon cancer which is histologically similar to and comparable with human neoplasm. Histopathological examination of dimethylhydrazine-treated rats demonstrated epithelial and goblet cell hyperplasia as well as preneoplastic changes of the rat colon expressed by loss of polarity of the nuclei and abnormal mitosis. The preneoplastic changes were developed to adenocarcinoma in 80% of cases. The liver showed different pathological pictures that included dysplastic changes, preneoplastic foci, and oval cell proliferation. We observed that red chili with or without 5-fluorouracil inhibited colon adenocarcinoma. The gamma red chili either alone or with 5-fluorouracil was the best groups. The gamma irradiated red chili alone decreased epithelial and goblet cell hyperplasia and preneoplastic changes in colon and dysplastic changes, oval cell proliferation, and Kupffer cell hyperplasia in the liver. The gamma irradiated red chili with 5-fluorouracil inhibited the preneoplastic changes in colon. It was concluded that the sanitization of red chili by gamma irradiation either alone or with 5-fluorouracil was more beneficial from the human health point of view than that by microwave.

The comparative effect of raw red chili and red chili treated by gamma irradiation or microwave pasteurization with or without 5-fluorouracil on experimentally induced colon cancer in rats was investigated. Dimethylhydrazine was used to induce colon cancer which is histologically similar to and comparable with human neoplasm. Histopathological examination of dimethylhydrazine-treated rats demonstrated epithelial and goblet cell hyperplasia as well as preneoplastic changes of the rat colon expressed by loss of polarity of the nuclei and abnormal mitosis. The preneoplastic changes were developed to adenocarcinoma in 80% of cases. The liver showed different pathological pictures that included dysplastic changes, preneoplastic foci, and oval cell proliferation. We observed that red chili with or without 5-fluorouracil inhibited colon adenocarcinoma. The gamma red chili either alone or with 5-fluorouracil was the best groups. The gamma irradiated red chili alone decreased epithelial and goblet cell hyperplasia and preneoplastic changes in colon and dysplastic changes, oval cell proliferation, and Kupffer cell hyperplasia in the liver. The gamma irradiated red chili with 5-fluorouracil inhibited the preneoplastic changes in colon. It was concluded that the sanitization of red chili by gamma irradiation either alone or with 5-fluorouracil was more beneficial from the human health point of view than that by microwave.The comparative effect of raw red chili and red chili treated by gamma irradiation or microwave pasteurization with or without 5-fluorouracil on experimentally induced colon cancer in rats was investigated. Dimethylhydrazine was used to induce colon cancer which is histologically similar to and comparable with human neoplasm. Histopathological examination of dimethylhydrazine-treated rats demonstrated epithelial and goblet cell hyperplasia as well as preneoplastic changes of the rat colon expressed by loss of polarity of the nuclei and abnormal mitosis. The preneoplastic changes were developed to adenocarcinoma in 80% of cases. The liver showed different pathological pictures that included dysplastic changes, preneoplastic foci, and oval cell proliferation. We observed that red chili with or without 5-fluorouracil inhibited colon adenocarcinoma. The gamma red chili either alone or with 5-fluorouracil was the best groups. The gamma irradiated red chili alone decreased epithelial and goblet cell hyperplasia and preneoplastic changes in colon and dysplastic changes, oval cell proliferation, and Kupffer cell hyperplasia in the liver. The gamma irradiated red chili with 5-fluorouracil inhibited the preneoplastic changes in colon. It was concluded that the sanitization of red chili by gamma irradiation either alone or with 5-fluorouracil was more beneficial from the human health point of view than that by microwave.

Unilateral orchidectomy (UO) is required when further breeding potential is important. It is sometimes necessary to remove a single testis in a matured stallion for therapeutic reasons. In this study, twelve donkeys were used to evaluate three techniques of unilateral castration, histological and morphological changes on the remaining testis. Results of the study showed that each of the surgical techniques used had its advantages and disadvantages in comparison with the other two techniques. Therefore the selection among the three techniques depends on the surgeon preferences and the environment in which the unilateral orchidectomy is performed. The volume of the remaining testis recorded at the end of the study was significantly greater than that estimated at the start of the study (p 0.05). The percentage of sperm motility obtained from the remaining testis was significantly decreased (p 0.05). Histological examination of the testis in open surgery (group I) (where the scrotum was left opened) revealed severe hemorrhages, edema and fibrosis. The test is showed degenerative changes in the seminiferous tubules and interstitial orchitis. Histological examination of the testes removed using a closed technique, (in groups II and III) where the scrotum wound was sutured, revealed hyperplasia of spermatogenic series and Leydig cells. In conclusion, unilateral orchidectomy had compensatory effects on the weight and volume of remaining testis. Adverse effects on sperm motility and viability can affect the fertility of the animal.

Unilateral orchidectomy (UO) is required when further breeding potential is important. It is sometimes necessary to remove a single testis in a matured stallion for therapeutic reasons. In this study, twelve donkeys were used to evaluate three techniques of unilateral castration, histological and morphological changes on the remaining testis. Results of the study showed that each of the surgical techniques used had its advantages and disadvantages in comparison with the other two techniques. Therefore the selection among the three techniques depends on the surgeon preferences and the environment in which the unilateral orchidectomy is performed. The volume of the remaining testis recorded at the end of the study was significantly greater than that estimated at the start of the study (p 0.05). The percentage of sperm motility obtained from the remaining testis was significantly decreased (p 0.05). Histological examination of the testis in open surgery (group I) (where the scrotum was left opened) revealed severe hemorrhages, edema and fibrosis. The test is showed degenerative changes in the seminiferous tubules and interstitial orchitis. Histological examination of the testes removed using a closed technique, (in groups II and III) where the scrotum wound was sutured, revealed hyperplasia of spermatogenic series and Leydig cells. In conclusion, unilateral orchidectomy had compensatory effects on the weight and volume of remaining testis. Adverse effects on sperm motility and viability can affect the fertility of the animal.

Unilateral orchidectomy (UO) is required when further breeding potential is important. It is sometimes necessary to remove a single testis in a matured stallion for therapeutic reasons. In this study, twelve donkeys were used to evaluate three techniques of unilateral castration, histological and morphological changes on the remaining testis. Results of the study showed that each of the surgical techniques used had its advantages and disadvantages in comparison with the other two techniques. Therefore the selection among the three techniques depends on the surgeon preferences and the environment in which the unilateral orchidectomy is performed. The volume of the remaining testis recorded at the end of the study was significantly greater than that estimated at the start of the study (p 0.05). The percentage of sperm motility obtained from the remaining testis was significantly decreased (p 0.05). Histological examination of the testis in open surgery (group I) (where the scrotum was left opened) revealed severe hemorrhages, edema and fibrosis. The test is showed degenerative changes in the seminiferous tubules and interstitial orchitis. Histological examination of the testes removed using a closed technique, (in groups II and III) where the scrotum wound was sutured, revealed hyperplasia of spermatogenic series and Leydig cells. In conclusion, unilateral orchidectomy had compensatory effects on the weight and volume of remaining testis. Adverse effects on sperm motility and viability can affect the fertility of the animal.

Unilateral orchidectomy (UO) is required when further breeding potential is important. It is sometimes necessary to remove a single testis in a matured stallion for therapeutic reasons. In this study, twelve donkeys were used to evaluate three techniques of unilateral castration, histological and morphological changes on the remaining testis. Results of the study showed that each of the surgical techniques used had its advantages and disadvantages in comparison with the other two techniques. Therefore the selection among the three techniques depends on the surgeon preferences and the environment in which the unilateral orchidectomy is performed. The volume of the remaining testis recorded at the end of the study was significantly greater than that estimated at the start of the study (p 0.05). The percentage of sperm motility obtained from the remaining testis was significantly decreased (p 0.05). Histological examination of the testis in open surgery (group I) (where the scrotum was left opened) revealed severe hemorrhages, edema and fibrosis. The test is showed degenerative changes in the seminiferous tubules and interstitial orchitis. Histological examination of the testes removed using a closed technique, (in groups II and III) where the scrotum wound was sutured, revealed hyperplasia of spermatogenic series and Leydig cells. In conclusion, unilateral orchidectomy had compensatory effects on the weight and volume of remaining testis. Adverse effects on sperm motility and viability can affect the fertility of the animal.

Even though rotenone has been used extensively in recent years to produce a model of Parkinson disease in rats, its systemic effects either on neurons apart from dopaminergic structures or non-neuronal tissues have not been elucidated well. In our present study, 30 adult Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three even groups. A short-term rotenone-treated group received 10mg/kg b.w. rotenone daily for 7 days. The long-term rotenone-treated group received 3mg/kg b.w. rotenone daily for 30 days. The control group received vehicle only and were kept 5 rats each in parallel to both short- and long-term rotenone treated groups. It was found that short-term rotenone treatment produced marked vascular damages associated with ischemic neuronal degeneration particularly in the thalamus, cerebellum and nucleus dentatus. In long-term rotenone-treated group, vascular changes were less severe and neuronal degeneration was associated with mild microglial proliferation and astrocytosis. Non-neuronal pathology as the result of short-term rotenone exposure consisted of degeneration and necrosis of seminiferous tubular epithelia with formation of spermatide multinucleate giant cells. On the other hand, long-term rotenone treatment did not affect testicles and only caused sinusoidal dilatation in the liver, myocardial degeneration in the heart and interstitial hemorrhages in the kidneys and lungs. In conclusions, damage to blood vasculature by rotenone appeared mediating neuronal and non-neuronal pathology in Sprague-Dawley rats. This effect might provide new insights for ethiopathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and contributes to the understanding of hemorrhagic stroke.Even though rotenone has been used extensively in recent years to produce a model of Parkinson disease in rats, its systemic effects either on neurons apart from dopaminergic structures or non-neuronal tissues have not been elucidated well. In our present study, 30 adult Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three even groups. A short-term rotenone-treated group received 10mg/kg b.w. rotenone daily for 7 days. The long-term rotenone-treated group received 3mg/kg b.w. rotenone daily for 30 days. The control group received vehicle only and were kept 5 rats each in parallel to both short- and long-term rotenone treated groups. It was found that short-term rotenone treatment produced marked vascular damages associated with ischemic neuronal degeneration particularly in the thalamus, cerebellum and nucleus dentatus. In long-term rotenone-treated group, vascular changes were less severe and neuronal degeneration was associated with mild microglial proliferation and astrocytosis. Non-neuronal pathology as the result of short-term rotenone exposure consisted of degeneration and necrosis of seminiferous tubular epithelia with formation of spermatide multinucleate giant cells. On the other hand, long-term rotenone treatment did not affect testicles and only caused sinusoidal dilatation in the liver, myocardial degeneration in the heart and interstitial hemorrhages in the kidneys and lungs. In conclusions, damage to blood vasculature by rotenone appeared mediating neuronal and non-neuronal pathology in Sprague-Dawley rats. This effect might provide new insights for ethiopathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and contributes to the understanding of hemorrhagic stroke.

Even though rotenone has been used extensively in recent years to produce a model of Parkinson disease in rats, its systemic effects either on neurons apart from dopaminergic structures or non-neuronal tissues have not been elucidated well. In our present study, 30 adult Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three even groups. A short-term rotenone-treated group received 10mg/kg b.w. rotenone daily for 7 days. The long-term rotenone-treated group received 3mg/kg b.w. rotenone daily for 30 days. The control group received vehicle only and were kept 5 rats each in parallel to both short- and long-term rotenone treated groups. It was found that short-term rotenone treatment produced marked vascular damages associated with ischemic neuronal degeneration particularly in the thalamus, cerebellum and nucleus dentatus. In long-term rotenone-treated group, vascular changes were less severe and neuronal degeneration was associated with mild microglial proliferation and astrocytosis. Non-neuronal pathology as the result of short-term rotenone exposure consisted of degeneration and necrosis of seminiferous tubular epithelia with formation of spermatide multinucleate giant cells. On the other hand, long-term rotenone treatment did not affect testicles and only caused sinusoidal dilatation in the liver, myocardial degeneration in the heart and interstitial hemorrhages in the kidneys and lungs. In conclusions, damage to blood vasculature by rotenone appeared mediating neuronal and non-neuronal pathology in Sprague-Dawley rats. This effect might provide new insights for ethiopathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and contributes to the understanding of hemorrhagic stroke.Even though rotenone has been used extensively in recent years to produce a model of Parkinson disease in rats, its systemic effects either on neurons apart from dopaminergic structures or non-neuronal tissues have not been elucidated well. In our present study, 30 adult Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three even groups. A short-term rotenone-treated group received 10mg/kg b.w. rotenone daily for 7 days. The long-term rotenone-treated group received 3mg/kg b.w. rotenone daily for 30 days. The control group received vehicle only and were kept 5 rats each in parallel to both short- and long-term rotenone treated groups. It was found that short-term rotenone treatment produced marked vascular damages associated with ischemic neuronal degeneration particularly in the thalamus, cerebellum and nucleus dentatus. In long-term rotenone-treated group, vascular changes were less severe and neuronal degeneration was associated with mild microglial proliferation and astrocytosis. Non-neuronal pathology as the result of short-term rotenone exposure consisted of degeneration and necrosis of seminiferous tubular epithelia with formation of spermatide multinucleate giant cells. On the other hand, long-term rotenone treatment did not affect testicles and only caused sinusoidal dilatation in the liver, myocardial degeneration in the heart and interstitial hemorrhages in the kidneys and lungs. In conclusions, damage to blood vasculature by rotenone appeared mediating neuronal and non-neuronal pathology in Sprague-Dawley rats. This effect might provide new insights for ethiopathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and contributes to the understanding of hemorrhagic stroke.

Curcumin, the yellow spice derived from the roots (rhizomes) of the plant Curcuma longa, has been reported to have a chemoprotective effect against several neoplasms. The protective effect of curcumin during N-nitrosodiethylamine- and carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in Sprague–Dawley rats and its effect on the expression of IkappaB-alpha mRNA were evaluated. Sixty male rats were randomly assigned into four experimental groups. Group A animals received a single i.p. injection of N-nitrosodiethylamine (200 mg/kg b.w.). After 1 week, the animals received weekly s.c. injections of carbon tetrachloride (3 ml/kg b.w./week) for 6 weeks. Group B was given diet containing 0.2 % curcumin 2 weeks before the injection of N-nitrosodiethylamine and continued throughout the experimental period (20 weeks). Group C was given only a diet containing 0.2 % curcumin for the whole period of the experiment. Group D animals served as control. The level of IkappaB-alpha (IкB-α) mRNA was determined by semiquantitative PCR. Administration of diet containing 0.2 % curcumin, 2 weeks before the injection of N-nitrosodiethylamine and throughout the period of experiment, decreased percentage of preneoplastic foci in hepatic parenchyma and inhibited the development of hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiofibrosis, and cystic cholangioma in rat liver. Moreover, curcumin administration decreased the number and size of the preneoplastic foci induced by N-nitrosodiethylamine and carbon tetrachloride in the liver. The densitometric analysis of the IкB-α mRNA bands revealed that curcumin administration blocked the decrease of IкB-α mRNA induced by N-nitrosodiethylamine and carbon tetrachloride. These results concluded that curcumin inhibited hepatocarcinogenesis induced by N-nitrosodiethylamine and carbon tetrachloride through blocking IкB-α degradation.

Curcumin, the yellow spice derived from the roots (rhizomes) of the plant Curcuma longa, has been reported to have a chemoprotective effect against several neoplasms. The protective effect of curcumin during N-nitrosodiethylamine- and carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in Sprague–Dawley rats and its effect on the expression of IkappaB-alpha mRNA were evaluated. Sixty male rats were randomly assigned into four experimental groups. Group A animals received a single i.p. injection of N-nitrosodiethylamine (200 mg/kg b.w.). After 1 week, the animals received weekly s.c. injections of carbon tetrachloride (3 ml/kg b.w./week) for 6 weeks. Group B was given diet containing 0.2 % curcumin 2 weeks before the injection of N-nitrosodiethylamine and continued throughout the experimental period (20 weeks). Group C was given only a diet containing 0.2 % curcumin for the whole period of the experiment. Group D animals served as control. The level of IkappaB-alpha (IкB-α) mRNA was determined by semiquantitative PCR. Administration of diet containing 0.2 % curcumin, 2 weeks before the injection of N-nitrosodiethylamine and throughout the period of experiment, decreased percentage of preneoplastic foci in hepatic parenchyma and inhibited the development of hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiofibrosis, and cystic cholangioma in rat liver. Moreover, curcumin administration decreased the number and size of the preneoplastic foci induced by N-nitrosodiethylamine and carbon tetrachloride in the liver. The densitometric analysis of the IкB-α mRNA bands revealed that curcumin administration blocked the decrease of IкB-α mRNA induced by N-nitrosodiethylamine and carbon tetrachloride. These results concluded that curcumin inhibited hepatocarcinogenesis induced by N-nitrosodiethylamine and carbon tetrachloride through blocking IкB-α degradation.