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Female dromedary camels (n=1621) were examined for failure of conception. The reproductive system was evaluated using transrectal palpation, ultrasonography and exploration of the vagina. Tissue overgrowths, which partially or completely surrounding the vaginal lumen or the cervix were detected in 8 cases (incidence, 0.005%). A common history of post-mating vaginal bleeding of these females was noticed. The overgrown tissue masses bled easily upon palpation. All females were multipara and aged between 9 and 13 years. Vaginal specimens were taken for histopathology. Blood samples were obtained for hematology and biochemistry. Microscopically, vaginal adenocarcinoma (n=5), vaginal leiomyoma (n=2) and cervical adenocarcinoma (n=1) were identified. By ultrasound, these tumors were homogenous and echogenic, but sometimes with multiple hypo-echogenic cavities. In one case, metastasis was observed in the regional and mesenteric lymph nodes and liver. Compared to healthy controls (n=15), camels with tumors showed significant increases of lymphocytes and monocytes and decreases in erythrocytes, hemoglobin and packed cell volume. Blood chemistry of camels with tumors revealed significant decreases in the total protein, albumin, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium and increases in globulin and alkaline phosphatase. The serum activity of creatine kinase, aspertate aminotransferase and gamma glutamyl transferase did not differ significantly compared to controls. In conclusion, this primary report described the prevalence, types, gross and microscopic appearances and changes in the hemogram and blood chemistry of female dromedary camels affected with vaginal and cervical tumors. Further investigations are needed to identify the associated risk factors. This study is supported by the King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (project: AC-34-292).

Female dromedary camels (n=1621) were examined for failure of conception. The reproductive system was evaluated using transrectal palpation, ultrasonography and exploration of the vagina. Tissue overgrowths, which partially or completely surrounding the vaginal lumen or the cervix were detected in 8 cases (incidence, 0.005%). A common history of post-mating vaginal bleeding of these females was noticed. The overgrown tissue masses bled easily upon palpation. All females were multipara and aged between 9 and 13 years. Vaginal specimens were taken for histopathology. Blood samples were obtained for hematology and biochemistry. Microscopically, vaginal adenocarcinoma (n=5), vaginal leiomyoma (n=2) and cervical adenocarcinoma (n=1) were identified. By ultrasound, these tumors were homogenous and echogenic, but sometimes with multiple hypo-echogenic cavities. In one case, metastasis was observed in the regional and mesenteric lymph nodes and liver. Compared to healthy controls (n=15), camels with tumors showed significant increases of lymphocytes and monocytes and decreases in erythrocytes, hemoglobin and packed cell volume. Blood chemistry of camels with tumors revealed significant decreases in the total protein, albumin, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium and increases in globulin and alkaline phosphatase. The serum activity of creatine kinase, aspertate aminotransferase and gamma glutamyl transferase did not differ significantly compared to controls. In conclusion, this primary report described the prevalence, types, gross and microscopic appearances and changes in the hemogram and blood chemistry of female dromedary camels affected with vaginal and cervical tumors. Further investigations are needed to identify the associated risk factors. This study is supported by the King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (project: AC-34-292).

Female dromedary camels (n=1621) were examined for failure of conception. The reproductive system was evaluated using transrectal palpation, ultrasonography and exploration of the vagina. Tissue overgrowths, which partially or completely surrounding the vaginal lumen or the cervix were detected in 8 cases (incidence, 0.005%). A common history of post-mating vaginal bleeding of these females was noticed. The overgrown tissue masses bled easily upon palpation. All females were multipara and aged between 9 and 13 years. Vaginal specimens were taken for histopathology. Blood samples were obtained for hematology and biochemistry. Microscopically, vaginal adenocarcinoma (n=5), vaginal leiomyoma (n=2) and cervical adenocarcinoma (n=1) were identified. By ultrasound, these tumors were homogenous and echogenic, but sometimes with multiple hypo-echogenic cavities. In one case, metastasis was observed in the regional and mesenteric lymph nodes and liver. Compared to healthy controls (n=15), camels with tumors showed significant increases of lymphocytes and monocytes and decreases in erythrocytes, hemoglobin and packed cell volume. Blood chemistry of camels with tumors revealed significant decreases in the total protein, albumin, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium and increases in globulin and alkaline phosphatase. The serum activity of creatine kinase, aspertate aminotransferase and gamma glutamyl transferase did not differ significantly compared to controls. In conclusion, this primary report described the prevalence, types, gross and microscopic appearances and changes in the hemogram and blood chemistry of female dromedary camels affected with vaginal and cervical tumors. Further investigations are needed to identify the associated risk factors. This study is supported by the King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (project: AC-34-292).

The objective of this study was to evaluate isoflurane after premedication with xylazine and induction with ketamine in camels. Six healthy adult female dromedary camels were premedicated with xylazine (0.2 mg/kg, IV). Twenty minutes later, anesthesia was induced with ketamine (2 mg/kg, IV) and was maintained with isoflurane in 100% oxygen. Onset and duration of anesthesia were recorded. Rectal temperature, respiratory rate, heart rate, oxygen hemoglobin saturation, and blood pressure were measured before and 20 min after xylazine administration and every 10 min thereafter until recovery. Lead II electrocardiogram was used to monitor camels for the presence of arrhythmias. Venous and arterial blood samples were taken for hematological examination and blood gases and pH, respectively. The results are thought to be the first detailed evaluation of isoflurane anesthesia in dromedary camels. Significant decrease in heart rate after xylazine/ketamine administration and significant decreases in rectal temperature and arterial blood pressure were recorded in camels during isoflurane administration. However, percentage of oxygen hemoglobin saturation significantly increased with significant changes in complete blood count and minor changes in arterial pH, PCO2, and PO2 during the study. The quality of anesthesia and recovery was good to excellent. In conclusion, isoflurane resulted in smooth recovery without complications and can be considered a good inhalation anesthetic for camels.

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A total of 50 samples of semi-dry Egyptian salted meat (basterma) were randomly collected from different retail outlets in Assiut city, Egypt. The samples were examined sensorially for color, odor, taste, tenderness, juiciness, palatability and overall acceptability; chemically for pH and sodium chloride (NaCl) content; and microbiologically for the count of total aerobes, halophiles, Staphylococcus aureus, lactobacilli, and mould and yeast. As well, most probable number (MPN) count was performed for coliforms, fecal coliforms, E. coli and Clostridium perfringens. The obtained results revealed that examined samples were of medium quality from the sensory point of view. The mean values of pH and Nacl content for the examined samples were 4.78 and 7.30, respectively. For total aerobes, halophiles, Staph. aureus, lactobacilli, and mould and yeast counts the mean values were 7.81, 7.18, 6.62, 7.61 and 2.32 log cfu/g sample, respectively. The MPN count of coliforms varied greatly in positive samples from 3 to > 1100 MPN/g sample. The MPN count for fecal coliforms, E. coli and C. perfringenes in positive samples ranged from 3 to 120; 3 to 21; and from 3.6 to 93 MPN/g, respectively. According to the Egyptian standards, most of the examined samples (98%) had pH values complied with the standards limits. However, all the examined samples (100%) had total aerobic and Staph. aureus counts above the standards limits. As for total mould and yeast, and C. perfringens counts, 38 and 24% of the examined samples were not complied with the standards. The results declared that the hygienic quality of basterma available in Assiut retail markets is not satisfactory and not comply with the srandards.

A total of 50 samples of semi-dry Egyptian salted meat (basterma) were randomly collected from different retail outlets in Assiut city, Egypt. The samples were examined sensorially for color, odor, taste, tenderness, juiciness, palatability and overall acceptability; chemically for pH and sodium chloride (NaCl) content; and microbiologically for the count of total aerobes, halophiles, Staphylococcus aureus, lactobacilli, and mould and yeast. As well, most probable number (MPN) count was performed for coliforms, fecal coliforms, E. coli and Clostridium perfringens. The obtained results revealed that examined samples were of medium quality from the sensory point of view. The mean values of pH and Nacl content for the examined samples were 4.78 and 7.30, respectively. For total aerobes, halophiles, Staph. aureus, lactobacilli, and mould and yeast counts the mean values were 7.81, 7.18, 6.62, 7.61 and 2.32 log cfu/g sample, respectively. The MPN count of coliforms varied greatly in positive samples from 3 to > 1100 MPN/g sample. The MPN count for fecal coliforms, E. coli and C. perfringenes in positive samples ranged from 3 to 120; 3 to 21; and from 3.6 to 93 MPN/g, respectively. According to the Egyptian standards, most of the examined samples (98%) had pH values complied with the standards limits. However, all the examined samples (100%) had total aerobic and Staph. aureus counts above the standards limits. As for total mould and yeast, and C. perfringens counts, 38 and 24% of the examined samples were not complied with the standards. The results declared that the hygienic quality of basterma available in Assiut retail markets is not satisfactory and not comply with the srandards.