The present study describes in detail the morphological characteristics of the process of ovarian follicular atresia in Redbelly tilapia (Coptodon zillii) during the nonbreeding season using light and electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. The follicular regression process was initiated with shrinkage and disintegration of the nuclear membrane of oocytes resulting in dispersing of chromatin within the ooplasm, followed by marked hyperplasia and hypertrophy of follicular and granulosa cells, which exhibited a strong phagocytic activity to engulf the liquefied yolk particles. Rodlet cells and granulocytes were recorded on the follicular wall and invaded the regressed follicles. Rodlet cells expressed a strong immunoreactivity to matrix metalloperoxidase (MMP-9) and α-smooth muscle actin, while neutrophils expressed a strong reactivity to Myeloperoxidase-3 (MPO). In the advanced stage of follicular atresia, the yolk was almost phagocytized and resorbed and the regressed follicle lost its integrity and appeared to be formed of a cellular mass of phagocytic cells. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of neutrophils, eosinophils, and dendritic cells within the atretic follicle in between these phagocytic cells. Moreover, numerous lysosomes, granules, and phagosomes were observed within the cytoplasm of both phagocytic cells and granulocytes. Telocytes were also demonstrated within the highly thickened richly vascularized theca layer during the late stages of follicular atresia. Immunohistochemical staining for caspase-3 established the participation of apoptosis in the advanced stages of follicular regression. Immune cells, rodlet cells, and telocytes in combination with follicular cells play an essential role in follicular atresia. In conclusion, the present study provides a new evidence on the role of both somatic and immune cells in the phenomenon of ovarian follicular atresia in Redbelly tilapia (Coptodon zillii) during the nonbreeding season.

almonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis are among the predominant Salmonella serotypes in the Egyptian poultry farms. Salmonella has the ability to build up biofilms on a variety of surfaces. The antibiofilm activities of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCL) on prevention and controlling of biofilm by Salmonella spp. was estimated. Silver nanoparticles exhibited bactericidal activity against both S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis with MIC value at 15µg/ml, while, that of NaOCL was 1600 µg/ml. AgNPs (25 ug/ml) could inhibit biofilm formation at percentages of 84.96% and 78.85% against S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis, respectively. A percentage of 87 % biofilm removal by AgNPS after 3 h contact with the built-up biofilm produced by S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis was recorded. NaOCL (2200 µg/ml) exhibited inhibition percentages of biofilm formation at 83.89% and 75.76% against S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis, respectively. While, biofilm removal percentages after 2 h contact between NaOCL (2200 µg/ml) with the formed biofilm by S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis were 87.42% and 89.37%, respectively. It can be concluded that AgNPs and NaOCl were able to promote a significant reduction of biofilm formation by S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis. Also, AgNPs and NaOCl effectively oppress the mature biofilms formed and the antibiofilm efficiency increased with the increase of contact time with the biofilms.

almonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis are among the predominant Salmonella serotypes in the Egyptian poultry farms. Salmonella has the ability to build up biofilms on a variety of surfaces. The antibiofilm activities of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCL) on prevention and controlling of biofilm by Salmonella spp. was estimated. Silver nanoparticles exhibited bactericidal activity against both S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis with MIC value at 15µg/ml, while, that of NaOCL was 1600 µg/ml. AgNPs (25 ug/ml) could inhibit biofilm formation at percentages of 84.96% and 78.85% against S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis, respectively. A percentage of 87 % biofilm removal by AgNPS after 3 h contact with the built-up biofilm produced by S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis was recorded. NaOCL (2200 µg/ml) exhibited inhibition percentages of biofilm formation at 83.89% and 75.76% against S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis, respectively. While, biofilm removal percentages after 2 h contact between NaOCL (2200 µg/ml) with the formed biofilm by S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis were 87.42% and 89.37%, respectively. It can be concluded that AgNPs and NaOCl were able to promote a significant reduction of biofilm formation by S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis. Also, AgNPs and NaOCl effectively oppress the mature biofilms formed and the antibiofilm efficiency increased with the increase of contact time with the biofilms.

almonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis are among the predominant Salmonella serotypes in the Egyptian poultry farms. Salmonella has the ability to build up biofilms on a variety of surfaces. The antibiofilm activities of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCL) on prevention and controlling of biofilm by Salmonella spp. was estimated. Silver nanoparticles exhibited bactericidal activity against both S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis with MIC value at 15µg/ml, while, that of NaOCL was 1600 µg/ml. AgNPs (25 ug/ml) could inhibit biofilm formation at percentages of 84.96% and 78.85% against S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis, respectively. A percentage of 87 % biofilm removal by AgNPS after 3 h contact with the built-up biofilm produced by S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis was recorded. NaOCL (2200 µg/ml) exhibited inhibition percentages of biofilm formation at 83.89% and 75.76% against S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis, respectively. While, biofilm removal percentages after 2 h contact between NaOCL (2200 µg/ml) with the formed biofilm by S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis were 87.42% and 89.37%, respectively. It can be concluded that AgNPs and NaOCl were able to promote a significant reduction of biofilm formation by S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis. Also, AgNPs and NaOCl effectively oppress the mature biofilms formed and the antibiofilm efficiency increased with the increase of contact time with the biofilms.

almonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis are among the predominant Salmonella serotypes in the Egyptian poultry farms. Salmonella has the ability to build up biofilms on a variety of surfaces. The antibiofilm activities of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCL) on prevention and controlling of biofilm by Salmonella spp. was estimated. Silver nanoparticles exhibited bactericidal activity against both S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis with MIC value at 15µg/ml, while, that of NaOCL was 1600 µg/ml. AgNPs (25 ug/ml) could inhibit biofilm formation at percentages of 84.96% and 78.85% against S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis, respectively. A percentage of 87 % biofilm removal by AgNPS after 3 h contact with the built-up biofilm produced by S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis was recorded. NaOCL (2200 µg/ml) exhibited inhibition percentages of biofilm formation at 83.89% and 75.76% against S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis, respectively. While, biofilm removal percentages after 2 h contact between NaOCL (2200 µg/ml) with the formed biofilm by S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis were 87.42% and 89.37%, respectively. It can be concluded that AgNPs and NaOCl were able to promote a significant reduction of biofilm formation by S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis. Also, AgNPs and NaOCl effectively oppress the mature biofilms formed and the antibiofilm efficiency increased with the increase of contact time with the biofilms.

In Egypt, pseudomonas infection is one of the most important problems facing poultry production. Pseudomonas spp. is recognized as a major food spoiler and environmental contaminant. Biofilm formation by P. aeruginosa has an important role in the bacterial pathogenesis as well as persistence in the environment. The antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of AgNPs and NaOCL were evaluated against P. aeruginosa isolated from chicken farms. MIC and MBC of AgNPs against planktonic cells of P. aeruginosa were 15 and 20µg/ml, respectively. While those of NaOCL were 2200 and 2600 µg/ml, respectively. The highest inhibition percentage of biofilm formation (97.9%) was observed when P. aeruginosa treated with AgNPs (25µg/ml). While, 87.5% biofilm removal percentage was achieved after treating the established biofilm with 25 µg/ml AgNPs for 2.5 h. Moreover, NaOCL (2800 µg/ml) was able to cause 96.6% inhibition of biofilm formation and 90.3% biofilm removal after 1.5 h contact. The current study revealed that AgNPs and NaOCL were able to promote a significant reduction and removal of the mature biofilms formed by P. aeruginosa and the antibiofilm efficiency increased with the increase of its contact times with the biofilms.

In Egypt, pseudomonas infection is one of the most important problems facing poultry production. Pseudomonas spp. is recognized as a major food spoiler and environmental contaminant. Biofilm formation by P. aeruginosa has an important role in the bacterial pathogenesis as well as persistence in the environment. The antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of AgNPs and NaOCL were evaluated against P. aeruginosa isolated from chicken farms. MIC and MBC of AgNPs against planktonic cells of P. aeruginosa were 15 and 20µg/ml, respectively. While those of NaOCL were 2200 and 2600 µg/ml, respectively. The highest inhibition percentage of biofilm formation (97.9%) was observed when P. aeruginosa treated with AgNPs (25µg/ml). While, 87.5% biofilm removal percentage was achieved after treating the established biofilm with 25 µg/ml AgNPs for 2.5 h. Moreover, NaOCL (2800 µg/ml) was able to cause 96.6% inhibition of biofilm formation and 90.3% biofilm removal after 1.5 h contact. The current study revealed that AgNPs and NaOCL were able to promote a significant reduction and removal of the mature biofilms formed by P. aeruginosa and the antibiofilm efficiency increased with the increase of its contact times with the biofilms.

In Egypt, pseudomonas infection is one of the most important problems facing poultry production. Pseudomonas spp. is recognized as a major food spoiler and environmental contaminant. Biofilm formation by P. aeruginosa has an important role in the bacterial pathogenesis as well as persistence in the environment. The antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of AgNPs and NaOCL were evaluated against P. aeruginosa isolated from chicken farms. MIC and MBC of AgNPs against planktonic cells of P. aeruginosa were 15 and 20µg/ml, respectively. While those of NaOCL were 2200 and 2600 µg/ml, respectively. The highest inhibition percentage of biofilm formation (97.9%) was observed when P. aeruginosa treated with AgNPs (25µg/ml). While, 87.5% biofilm removal percentage was achieved after treating the established biofilm with 25 µg/ml AgNPs for 2.5 h. Moreover, NaOCL (2800 µg/ml) was able to cause 96.6% inhibition of biofilm formation and 90.3% biofilm removal after 1.5 h contact. The current study revealed that AgNPs and NaOCL were able to promote a significant reduction and removal of the mature biofilms formed by P. aeruginosa and the antibiofilm efficiency increased with the increase of its contact times with the biofilms.

In Egypt, pseudomonas infection is one of the most important problems facing poultry production. Pseudomonas spp. is recognized as a major food spoiler and environmental contaminant. Biofilm formation by P. aeruginosa has an important role in the bacterial pathogenesis as well as persistence in the environment. The antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of AgNPs and NaOCL were evaluated against P. aeruginosa isolated from chicken farms. MIC and MBC of AgNPs against planktonic cells of P. aeruginosa were 15 and 20µg/ml, respectively. While those of NaOCL were 2200 and 2600 µg/ml, respectively. The highest inhibition percentage of biofilm formation (97.9%) was observed when P. aeruginosa treated with AgNPs (25µg/ml). While, 87.5% biofilm removal percentage was achieved after treating the established biofilm with 25 µg/ml AgNPs for 2.5 h. Moreover, NaOCL (2800 µg/ml) was able to cause 96.6% inhibition of biofilm formation and 90.3% biofilm removal after 1.5 h contact. The current study revealed that AgNPs and NaOCL were able to promote a significant reduction and removal of the mature biofilms formed by P. aeruginosa and the antibiofilm efficiency increased with the increase of its contact times with the biofilms.

The likelihood substitution of low priced meat or tissues for that of high priced one has increased as the replacement of chicken meat instead of beef. So, the idea of this study were to find out this fraud by detection of chicken DNA and to discover foreign chicken tissue types histologically, especially in heated ready to eat (RTE) beef products. Fifty samples of ready to eat (RTE) Kofta and hawawshy (25 each) were collected in Assiut city. Polymerase chain reaction technique was applied on 12S rRNA gene for detection of chicken DNA in the collected samples. Out of the total examined kofta and hawawshy samples, 78% (39/50) of the examined samples were found to be adulterated with chicken DNA. Different foreign tissues were found histologically. The results of this research indicated that the quality of examined RTE meat products was very bad and therefore strict control on such products should be applied by appropriate authorities.