Background: Ketosis is one of the most important metabolic disorders occurring in dairy cows after calving, which is caused by a negative energy balance during the peripartum period or around parturition.

Aim: The current study focused on the diagnostic significance of the clinical scoring system, with serum lipid profiles, mainly lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) and apolipoprotein B-100 (ApoB-100), as recovery indicators in ketotic dairy cattle using the hormonal-steroids-carbohydrate therapeutic protocol. The study also discussed the correlation coefficient between serum apo-B100 and serum non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) in pretreated and post-treated ketotic cattle.

Methods: In this study, 50 ketotic cattle from various dairy farms. The ketotic cows were subjected to a hormonal-steroids-carbohydrate therapeutic regimen extended for a continuous 5 days, including mainly insulin, dexamethasone, and carbohydrate replacement therapy (Glucose solution 50% alternative with dextrose solution 50%) with drenching of propylene glycol. and vitamin B₁₂ injection. Insulin was administered simultaneously with both of glucose and glucocorticoid (Dexamethasone) and alternatively with a 50% dextrose solution. All animals were undergoing thorough clinical and biochemical investigations including mainly clinical scoring system, serum lipid profiles, and serum enzyme activities (Aspartate aminotransferase; AST) in days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 30.

Results: The ketotic dairy cattle needed a maximum 30-day follow-up period post-therapy to restore their physiological status for clinical scoring data (7 days needed) and most serum lipid indices [14 days needed, i.e., apoB-100, β-hydroxy butyric acid, NEFA, glucose, cholesterol, and AST]. A 30-day post-therapy as a follow-up period was urgently required to restore their reference values of serum LCAT. The results of this study indicated that serum LCAT activity and ApoB-100 were the most sensitive indicators of the efficacy of therapy and the restoration of the physiological status. The study revealed a significant negative correlation between serum NEFA and apoB-100 in ketotic cattle. The results of this study indicated that serum LCAT activity and ApoB-100 were the most sensitive indicators of the efficacy of therapy and the restoration of the physiological status. This could be seen by an obvious improvement in serum lipid profiles, mainly LCAT and apoB-100, and clinical findings as well as clinical coring data. The study identified a significant negative correlation between NEFA and apoB-100 in ketotic cattle.

Conclusion: Exposure of diseased ketotic dairy cattle to this specific therapeutic strategy had a great impact on their recovery from ketosis and improved their health and productivity status. The current study concluded the diagnostic significance of the clinical scoring system (Appetite score, rumen filling score, manure digestion score, and manure condition score), and serum lipid profiles, mainly LCAT and apoB-100, as recovery indicators in ketotic dairy cattle using hormonal-steroids-carbohydrates therapeutic protocol.

Abstract

Abstract
Background

The Japanese quail (Coturinx coturnix japonica) has a crucial role in the lives of humanity since the 12th
century and continues to play main roles in our industry and scientific research. The advantages that the Japanese
quail has, such as heavy egg production and high-quality meat with low cholesterol and fat contents, Moreover,
the Japanese quail is easily managed, with high feeding conversion, low cost of investment, and high rate of returns.
Salivary glands are a part of the lingual apparatus that secretes serios and mucous saliva. Whereas, the saliva secretions have different roles in the food variation, apprehension, and moisture of food bolus. The morphological
and cytochemical analysis are done on 20 healthy Japanese quail embryos of 6th, 10th, 11th, and 13th days of incubation and 25 healthy quail chicks at hatching day old, 7th, 14th, 30th, and 60th days old. These samples are investigated histologically, histochemically, and scanned by electron microscopy serially. Our purpose of the study is to highlight the area of the oropharyngeal salivary glands and their role in food variation, as few studies spoke about that in Japanese quail.
Results

The primordia of the sublingual and mandibular salivary glands were noticed at the 6th and 10th days
of the prehatching respectively as an epithelial bud. After hatching, both primordia were elongated and differentiated
into secretory units. These glands were mucous polystomatic tubulo-alveolar paired glands, which were situated
in the submucosa of the oropharyngeal floor (sublingual floor and paralingual grooves). The sublingual glands
consisted of 3–5 lobes extended from the two Os ceratobranchial by their wide ends caudally, to beyond the median
sulcus of the prefrenular part of the sublingual space rostrally. The taste buds were variable in size and position. The
mandibular glands lay on the paralingual groove, which arose at the 10-day old embryo. The mandibular glands were
located dorsomedial to the sublingual glands and extended longitudinally from the rostral border of the frenulum
linguae to the caudal tips of the sublingual glands. The taste buds decreased in volume and number with advancing
age.
Conclusion

Overall, salivary glands increase in their alcianophilic activity of the secretions with advancing age, which
indicates low PH within the secretory end pieces.

This study examined the occurrence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus obtained from migrating birds, marking the first instance of such research conducted in Egypt. The study assessed potential risks using an antibiogram, virulence characteristics, antibiotic-resistance, and gene profile. Randomly collected 80 samples were tested for V. parahaemolyticus. Eleven (13.75%) samples were V. parahaemolyticus-contaminated. All isolates were positive for 16SrRNA and species-specific toxR genes. Interestingly, our strain is genetically similar to human and shrimp isolates, suggesting zoonotic transmission may pose a health danger. All isolates had 100% l-lysine decarboxylase, 45.45% beta-hemolytic, and 100% l-ornithine decarboxylase activity. All isolates displayed no l-arginine decarboxylase activity. Notably, every isolate possessed a minimum of two virulence genes. In addition, the profiles of virulence genes were identified, tdh + /trh + (27.3%), tdh-/trh + (27.3%), and tdh + /trh- (45.4%). Out of the V. parahaemolyticus isolates, 18.2% (2/11) were extensively drug-resistant (XDR) to six different antimicrobials classes and possessed the blaTEM, blaOXA, sul1, and tetA genes. Furthermore, 63.6% of the isolates displayed multidrug resistance (MDR). The correlation highlights a strong relationship between phenotypic and genotypic resistance. Besides the strong correlation between virulence and resistance genes. In summary, this work highlighted the presence of newly identified MDR and XDR V. parahaemolyticus carried toxR, trh, and tdh virulence genes, as well as blaTEM, blaOXA, sul1, and tetA resistance genes in migratory birds, indicating a significant public health ris

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) constitutes a significant health concern because it promotes
infectious mastitis in dairy animals and poses a hazard risk to humans. Controlling MRSA infections is a growing
challenge on a global scale because of the bacteria’s toxicity and its capacity to develop multidrug resistance
(MDR). Combating against MDR bacteria and the spread of infectious diseases needs natural antibacterial alternatives to minimize the economic losses of mastitis. The average treatment cost in Egypt was highlighted. The
antibacterial effect of apple cider vinegar (ACV) against MDR-MRSA isolates was evaluated, also the study aimed
at profiling antimicrobial resistance genes in MRSA isolates. The incidence of mastitis in cows was more than in
buffaloes, and the average total treatment cost was estimated at 82 million EGP from 2016 to 2021 (around 14
million EGP annually). Of the 22 S. aureus isolates (20 %), of which (59.1 % were from cows and 40.9 % from
buffaloes), 19 (86.4 %) were confirmed as MRSA. All MRSA isolates exhibited resistance to clindamycin (94.7
%), then both ampicillin and doxycycline (84.2 %), and ampicillin and sulbactam, erythromycin and Fosfomycin
(each, 78.9 %). Vancomycin, ciprofloxacin, and levofloxacin can be used to treat MRSA. The prevalence of MDR
was significantly high, with 94.7 % of the cases having multiple antimicrobial resistance (MAR) indices ranging
from 0.25 to 0.75. All MRSA isolates tested positive for mecA, 89.5 % for the blaZ gene, 84.2 % for tetM, and 73.4
% for ermB. In vitro, the antibacterial properties of ACV were demonstrated to be superior by our results which
demonstrate a zone of inhibition with diameters ranging from 20 to 40 mm detected by Agar well diffusion
technique and MIC’s (Minimal Inhibitory Concentration) ranging from 2 to 4 μg/ml. Some isolates possess MBC
(Minimal Bactericidal Concentration) values at the same MIC. This research proposes the potential of ACV to act
as a promising antibacterial alternative against MRSA. This can help minimize the health problem of antibioticresistant bacteria and improve the efficiency of dairy farms. Further studies are recommended to determine the proper dosage for field administration.