Lung cancer, the deadliest solid tumor among all types of cancer, remains difficult to treat. This is a result of unavoidable exposure to carcinogens, poor diagnosis, the lack of targeted drug delivery platforms and limitations associated with delivery of drug to deep lung tissues. Development of a non-invasive, patient-convenient formula for the targeted delivery of chemotherapeutics to cancer in deep lung tissue is the aim of this study. The formulation consisted of inhalable polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)/maltodextrin (MD)-based microparticles (MPs) encapsulating chitosan (CS) nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with either drug only or drug and magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). Drug release from CS NPs was enhanced with the aid of MNPs by a factor of 1.7 in response to external magnetic field. Preferential toxicity by CS NPs was shown towards tumor cells (A549) in comparison to cultured fibroblasts (L929). The prepared spray freeze dried (SFD) powders for CS NPs and CS MNPs were of the same size at ∼6 μm. They had a fine particle fraction (FPF≤5.2 μm) of 40–42% w/w and mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of 5–6 μm as determined by the Next Generation Impactor (NGI). SFD-MPs of CS MNPs possess higher MMAD due to the high density associated with encapsulated MNPs. The developed formulation demonstrates several capabilities including tissue targeting, controlled drug release, and the possible imaging and diagnostic values (due to its MNPs content) and therefore represents an improved therapeutic platform for drug delivery to cancer in deep lung tissue.

The effect of adding transition metals to the electrolyte containing proton pump inhibitors, such as rabeprazole sodium (RAB sodium), on the voltammetric response of pencil graphite electrode was studied. Both square-wave adsorptive stripping voltammetry (SWAdSV) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) were utilized to elucidate and confirm the possible complexation reaction that could occur between RAB sodium and cobalt as a transition metal. The current signal due to the oxidation process was a function of the concentration of RAB sodium, pH of the medium, cobalt concentration, scan rate, frequency, and deposition time at the electrode surface. This phenomenon could be used for the determination of RAB sodium using CV and SWAdSV. The oxidation peak current linearly varied with the concentration over the range of 0.05–9
109 M and 0.2–8.5
107 M for SWAdSV and CV, respectively. The limits of detection were found to be 0.015
109 M and 0.06
107 M for SWAdSV and CV, respectively. The validity of using these methods for the determination of RAB sodium in its pharmaceutical formulation and human urine samples was evaluated.

The effect of adding transition metals to the electrolyte containing proton pump inhibitors, such as rabeprazole sodium (RAB sodium), on the voltammetric response of pencil graphite electrode was studied. Both square-wave adsorptive stripping voltammetry (SWAdSV) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) were utilized to elucidate and confirm the possible complexation reaction that could occur between RAB sodium and cobalt as a transition metal. The current signal due to the oxidation process was a function of the concentration of RAB sodium, pH of the medium, cobalt concentration, scan rate, frequency, and deposition time at the electrode surface. This phenomenon could be used for the determination of RAB sodium using CV and SWAdSV. The oxidation peak current linearly varied with the concentration over the range of 0.05–9
109 M and 0.2–8.5
107 M for SWAdSV and CV, respectively. The limits of detection were found to be 0.015
109 M and 0.06
107 M for SWAdSV and CV, respectively. The validity of using these methods for the determination of RAB sodium in its pharmaceutical formulation and human urine samples was evaluated.

The effect of adding transition metals to the electrolyte containing proton pump inhibitors, such as rabeprazole sodium (RAB sodium), on the voltammetric response of pencil graphite electrode was studied. Both square-wave adsorptive stripping voltammetry (SWAdSV) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) were utilized to elucidate and confirm the possible complexation reaction that could occur between RAB sodium and cobalt as a transition metal. The current signal due to the oxidation process was a function of the concentration of RAB sodium, pH of the medium, cobalt concentration, scan rate, frequency, and deposition time at the electrode surface. This phenomenon could be used for the determination of RAB sodium using CV and SWAdSV. The oxidation peak current linearly varied with the concentration over the range of 0.05–9
109 M and 0.2–8.5
107 M for SWAdSV and CV, respectively. The limits of detection were found to be 0.015
109 M and 0.06
107 M for SWAdSV and CV, respectively. The validity of using these methods for the determination of RAB sodium in its pharmaceutical formulation and human urine samples was evaluated.

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Stereoselective biocatalysis by crotonase superfamily enzymes is exemplified by use of engineered 5-carboxymethylproline synthases (CMPSs) for preparation of functionalized 5-carboxymethylproline (5-CMP) derivatives methylated at two positions (i.e. C2/C6, C3/C6 and C5/C6), including products with a quaternary centre, from appropriately-substituted-amino acid aldehydes and C-2 epimeric methylmalonyl-CoA. The enzymatically-produced disubstituted 5-CMPs were converted by carbapenam synthetase into methylated bicyclic Β-lactams, which manifest improved hydrolytic stability compared to the unsubstituted carbapenams. The results highlight the use of modi-fied carbapenem biosynthesis enzymes for production of new carbapenams with improved properties.

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