Levofloxacin hemihydrate (LVFX) is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic used for the treatment of complicated and uncomplicated skin infections. Impetigo is a highly infectious superficial bacterial disease, most common among pre-school children. The present study was designed to formulate and evaluate topical gel containing levofloxacin hemihydrate for treatment of impetigo. The gel was formulated using different types and concentrations of gelling polymers. The used polymers, viz; hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC), sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC), carbopol 934, sodium alginate (Na-alginate), pluronic ® F-127 and poly vinyl alchohol (PVA 14000). Drug-polymers compatibility studies were carried out sing DSC and FT-IR techniques, then the prepared formulae were characterized physically in terms of pH,drug content, spread ability and rheological properties. Drug-polymers compatibility studies were carried out using DSC and FT-IR techniques. In-vitro drug release in phosphate buffer pH 7.4 and kinetics of the drug release were studied. In vitro microbiological studies of (LVFX) gel were performed using agar cup diffusion method. Patients with clinically diagnosed impetigo were topically treated with the best formula of LVFX gel. Results have revealed that the used polymers are compatible with the drug. The prepared LVFX gels with different gelling agents showed acceptable physical properties and good drug release. Among all the prepared gels, formula (G1) using HPMC as a gelling agent attained superior physical properties, drug release (80.30±0.11%) after 2 hrs. No significant changes in the physical properties and in the percent of drug release were observed for formula (G1) at (5 ±2°C/60 ±5 % RH, 25±2°C / 65 ±5% RH and 40±2°C / 75 ± 5 RH) after 3 months of storage. These results we reconfirmed by thin layer chromatography. Also, formula (G1) was found to have the highest antimicrobial activity against methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiellapneumoniae. LVFX topical gel (G1) was well tolerated with high rates of clinical response (significant reduction in the time of healing after 4 days) for treating impetigo.

Levofloxacin hemihydrate (LVFX) is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic used for the treatment of complicated and uncomplicated skin infections. Impetigo is a highly infectious superficial bacterial disease, most common among pre-school children. The present study was designed to formulate and evaluate topical gel containing levofloxacin hemihydrate for treatment of impetigo. The gel was formulated using different types and concentrations of gelling polymers. The used polymers, viz; hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC), sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC), carbopol 934, sodium alginate (Na-alginate), pluronic ® F-127 and poly vinyl alchohol (PVA 14000). Drug-polymers compatibility studies were carried out sing DSC and FT-IR techniques, then the prepared formulae were characterized physically in terms of pH,drug content, spread ability and rheological properties. Drug-polymers compatibility studies were carried out using DSC and FT-IR techniques. In-vitro drug release in phosphate buffer pH 7.4 and kinetics of the drug release were studied. In vitro microbiological studies of (LVFX) gel were performed using agar cup diffusion method. Patients with clinically diagnosed impetigo were topically treated with the best formula of LVFX gel. Results have revealed that the used polymers are compatible with the drug. The prepared LVFX gels with different gelling agents showed acceptable physical properties and good drug release. Among all the prepared gels, formula (G1) using HPMC as a gelling agent attained superior physical properties, drug release (80.30±0.11%) after 2 hrs. No significant changes in the physical properties and in the percent of drug release were observed for formula (G1) at (5 ±2°C/60 ±5 % RH, 25±2°C / 65 ±5% RH and 40±2°C / 75 ± 5 RH) after 3 months of storage. These results we reconfirmed by thin layer chromatography. Also, formula (G1) was found to have the highest antimicrobial activity against methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiellapneumoniae. LVFX topical gel (G1) was well tolerated with high rates of clinical response (significant reduction in the time of healing after 4 days) for treating impetigo.

Levofloxacin hemihydrate (LVFX) is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic used for the treatment of complicated and uncomplicated skin infections. Impetigo is a highly infectious superficial bacterial disease, most common among pre-school children. The present study was designed to formulate and evaluate topical gel containing levofloxacin hemihydrate for treatment of impetigo. The gel was formulated using different types and concentrations of gelling polymers. The used polymers, viz; hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC), sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC), carbopol 934, sodium alginate (Na-alginate), pluronic ® F-127 and poly vinyl alchohol (PVA 14000). Drug-polymers compatibility studies were carried out sing DSC and FT-IR techniques, then the prepared formulae were characterized physically in terms of pH,drug content, spread ability and rheological properties. Drug-polymers compatibility studies were carried out using DSC and FT-IR techniques. In-vitro drug release in phosphate buffer pH 7.4 and kinetics of the drug release were studied. In vitro microbiological studies of (LVFX) gel were performed using agar cup diffusion method. Patients with clinically diagnosed impetigo were topically treated with the best formula of LVFX gel. Results have revealed that the used polymers are compatible with the drug. The prepared LVFX gels with different gelling agents showed acceptable physical properties and good drug release. Among all the prepared gels, formula (G1) using HPMC as a gelling agent attained superior physical properties, drug release (80.30±0.11%) after 2 hrs. No significant changes in the physical properties and in the percent of drug release were observed for formula (G1) at (5 ±2°C/60 ±5 % RH, 25±2°C / 65 ±5% RH and 40±2°C / 75 ± 5 RH) after 3 months of storage. These results we reconfirmed by thin layer chromatography. Also, formula (G1) was found to have the highest antimicrobial activity against methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiellapneumoniae. LVFX topical gel (G1) was well tolerated with high rates of clinical response (significant reduction in the time of healing after 4 days) for treating impetigo.

Levofloxacin hemihydrate (LVFX) is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic used for the treatment of complicated and uncomplicated skin infections. Impetigo is a highly infectious superficial bacterial disease, most common among pre-school children. The present study was designed to formulate and evaluate topical gel containing levofloxacin hemihydrate for treatment of impetigo. The gel was formulated using different types and concentrations of gelling polymers. The used polymers, viz; hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC), sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC), carbopol 934, sodium alginate (Na-alginate), pluronic ® F-127 and poly vinyl alchohol (PVA 14000). Drug-polymers compatibility studies were carried out sing DSC and FT-IR techniques, then the prepared formulae were characterized physically in terms of pH,drug content, spread ability and rheological properties. Drug-polymers compatibility studies were carried out using DSC and FT-IR techniques. In-vitro drug release in phosphate buffer pH 7.4 and kinetics of the drug release were studied. In vitro microbiological studies of (LVFX) gel were performed using agar cup diffusion method. Patients with clinically diagnosed impetigo were topically treated with the best formula of LVFX gel. Results have revealed that the used polymers are compatible with the drug. The prepared LVFX gels with different gelling agents showed acceptable physical properties and good drug release. Among all the prepared gels, formula (G1) using HPMC as a gelling agent attained superior physical properties, drug release (80.30±0.11%) after 2 hrs. No significant changes in the physical properties and in the percent of drug release were observed for formula (G1) at (5 ±2°C/60 ±5 % RH, 25±2°C / 65 ±5% RH and 40±2°C / 75 ± 5 RH) after 3 months of storage. These results we reconfirmed by thin layer chromatography. Also, formula (G1) was found to have the highest antimicrobial activity against methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiellapneumoniae. LVFX topical gel (G1) was well tolerated with high rates of clinical response (significant reduction in the time of healing after 4 days) for treating impetigo.

A nanohybrid prepared from green source (nanocellulose, NC) and nitrogen, sulfur co-doped graphene quantum dots (N, S@GQDs) was prepared for the electrochemical detection of olanzapine (OLZ), atypical antipsychotic primarily used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Polar groups on the surface of NC and N, S@GQDs provide more anchoring sites for adsorption of OLZ onto the electrode surface. In addition, it provides high conductivity, good mechanical strength, large surface area, and excellent electrical conductivity. The nanocomposite was characterized morphologically and electrochemically by scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), transmission electron microscope (TEM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave adsorptive stripping voltammetry (SWAdSV). Under the optimized conditions, the modified electrode has a good response in the range of 1.5–90.0 × 10−8 M with LOD of 0.5 × 10−8 M. The proposed electrode offers high sensitivity, selectivity, and reliability towards OLZ detection. The SWAdSV was used to determine OLZ in pharmaceutical tablets, human plasma and urine with good recoveries % and reasonable RSD% values.

A nanohybrid prepared from green source (nanocellulose, NC) and nitrogen, sulfur co-doped graphene quantum dots (N, S@GQDs) was prepared for the electrochemical detection of olanzapine (OLZ), atypical antipsychotic primarily used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Polar groups on the surface of NC and N, S@GQDs provide more anchoring sites for adsorption of OLZ onto the electrode surface. In addition, it provides high conductivity, good mechanical strength, large surface area, and excellent electrical conductivity. The nanocomposite was characterized morphologically and electrochemically by scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), transmission electron microscope (TEM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave adsorptive stripping voltammetry (SWAdSV). Under the optimized conditions, the modified electrode has a good response in the range of 1.5–90.0 × 10−8 M with LOD of 0.5 × 10−8 M. The proposed electrode offers high sensitivity, selectivity, and reliability towards OLZ detection. The SWAdSV was used to determine OLZ in pharmaceutical tablets, human plasma and urine with good recoveries % and reasonable RSD% values.

The interactions of the recent carbapenems; ertapenem (ERP) and meropenem (MRP); with serum albumin (SA) were closely investigated by a combined spectrofluorometric experimental and theoretical approach. The approach is based on the quenching of fluorescence intensity of bovine serum albumin (BSA) upon binding with different carbapenems. The quenching was observed at λem 333–340 nm after excitation at 280 nm. Mechanism of interaction was found to be static quenching through hydrophobic and H-bonding interactions and confirmed with molecular docking using MOE software. Binding constant, binding number were estimated for both MRP and ERP. Thermodynamic parameters including entropy change (ΔS), enthalpy change (ΔH) and free energy change (ΔG) were calculated at three different temperatures. Moreover, BSA configuration during binding was investigated via synchronous and 3D spectrofluorimetry. Förster resonance energy transfer calculated (FRET), integration interval (J) and distance (ro) between BSA and the studied drugs were calculated to confirm the static quenching.

The interactions of the recent carbapenems; ertapenem (ERP) and meropenem (MRP); with serum albumin (SA) were closely investigated by a combined spectrofluorometric experimental and theoretical approach. The approach is based on the quenching of fluorescence intensity of bovine serum albumin (BSA) upon binding with different carbapenems. The quenching was observed at λem 333–340 nm after excitation at 280 nm. Mechanism of interaction was found to be static quenching through hydrophobic and H-bonding interactions and confirmed with molecular docking using MOE software. Binding constant, binding number were estimated for both MRP and ERP. Thermodynamic parameters including entropy change (ΔS), enthalpy change (ΔH) and free energy change (ΔG) were calculated at three different temperatures. Moreover, BSA configuration during binding was investigated via synchronous and 3D spectrofluorimetry. Förster resonance energy transfer calculated (FRET), integration interval (J) and distance (ro) between BSA and the studied drugs were calculated to confirm the static quenching.

The interactions of the recent carbapenems; ertapenem (ERP) and meropenem (MRP); with serum albumin (SA) were closely investigated by a combined spectrofluorometric experimental and theoretical approach. The approach is based on the quenching of fluorescence intensity of bovine serum albumin (BSA) upon binding with different carbapenems. The quenching was observed at λem 333–340 nm after excitation at 280 nm. Mechanism of interaction was found to be static quenching through hydrophobic and H-bonding interactions and confirmed with molecular docking using MOE software. Binding constant, binding number were estimated for both MRP and ERP. Thermodynamic parameters including entropy change (ΔS), enthalpy change (ΔH) and free energy change (ΔG) were calculated at three different temperatures. Moreover, BSA configuration during binding was investigated via synchronous and 3D spectrofluorimetry. Förster resonance energy transfer calculated (FRET), integration interval (J) and distance (ro) between BSA and the studied drugs were calculated to confirm the static quenching.

The interactions of the recent carbapenems; ertapenem (ERP) and meropenem (MRP); with serum albumin (SA) were closely investigated by a combined spectrofluorometric experimental and theoretical approach. The approach is based on the quenching of fluorescence intensity of bovine serum albumin (BSA) upon binding with different carbapenems. The quenching was observed at λem 333–340 nm after excitation at 280 nm. Mechanism of interaction was found to be static quenching through hydrophobic and H-bonding interactions and confirmed with molecular docking using MOE software. Binding constant, binding number were estimated for both MRP and ERP. Thermodynamic parameters including entropy change (ΔS), enthalpy change (ΔH) and free energy change (ΔG) were calculated at three different temperatures. Moreover, BSA configuration during binding was investigated via synchronous and 3D spectrofluorimetry. Förster resonance energy transfer calculated (FRET), integration interval (J) and distance (ro) between BSA and the studied drugs were calculated to confirm the static quenching.