A plethora of debilitating symptoms can be caused by multiple sclerosis (MS) such as sensory and motor dysfunction, cognitive impairment, mood disorder, and fatigue. Such complaints can drastically impact a patient's quality of life, are mostly assessed in a clinical manner or with the help of scales, questionnaires, or test batteries, and cannot be completely or partially relieved using pharmaco the rapeutics. Moreover, their underlying mechanisms are not fully elucidated. Therefore, probing corticospinal excitability as a surrogate of the neuronal network function by using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) could help in further understanding the underlying mechanisms of MS.

Applying TMS could help in identifying biomarkers of the disease itself. In addition, an inflammation-mediated synaptopathy seems to underlie a hyperexcitability state which could appear, using TMS, as an …