Oocysts of C. muris and the events of excystation using 0.5% sodium hypochlorite as excystation medium were described with light microscope. The response of the immunocompetent BALB/c mice against infection was studied using sera of orally infected mice at different periods postinoculation by indirect immunofluorescence antibody test using 1:150 FITC conjugated rabbit serum antimouse polyclonal IgG. From the patterns of IFAT, it was suggested that the dominant antigen in C. muris was restricted to the apical complex of the sporozoites. Such antigen may play a role in the invasion of the host cell. Future analysis of such receptor molecules might constitute prime candidates as immunogens for a vaccine, the efficiency of which might cause inhibition of parasite invasion.

In the present study, wes adapted for detection of infection in snail by ELISA TEST , previously shown by us to be very sensitive for detecting cercariae in water, for the sensitive detection of Schistosoma mansoni abs in infected snails from early prepatency. Polymerase chain reaction primers were designed based on the

Abstract A double antibody sandwich ELISA technique, using a chromatography purified antisera against E. histolytica, G. lamblia and Cryptosporidium antigens, was applied to detect copro-antigens of the corrosponding parasites in 90 patients. All positive cases were diagnosed by parasitological examination and proved to have the infection solely. Beside the 90 positive cases, 40 age-matched controls were included in the study, of which 20 individuals were infected with other parasites but not Cryptosporidium, E. histolytica or G. lamblia (acted as an infected control group) and the other 20 individuals with no intestinal parasites (normal control group). The assay could detect 100% of those infected with both of G. lamblia and E. histolytica and 96.6% (29/30) of patients with Cryptosporidium infection. False positive reactions were detected in 3 cases using G. lamblia antisera (92.5%), 5 cases using E. histolytica antisera (87.5%) and 2 cases using Cryptosporidium antisera (95%). A direct increase in the mean antigen level was observed with the increasing intensity of infection in the 3 parasites, so higher mean O.D. readings was observed in heavily infected cases than moderately infected cases than lighter intensity of infection. Only those in elder age group (> 20 years) infected with E. histolytica were found to have statistically higher O.D. readings of the antigen than middle age group (10-20 years). On the other hand, no statistically significant difference was observed between different age groups and antigen level in cases with either G. lamblia or Cryptosporidium.

Abstract Stool examination using modified Kato thick smear method was performed to detect Fasciola eggs and other parasites. Abdominal pain was the major presenting symptom (87.7%) followed by pallor (83.3%) and fever (16.7%). Anaemia and hepatomegaly were recorded in 77.7% of patients compared to 27.7% with splenomegaly. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed hepatomegaly and common bile duct dilatation in 77.7% of patients. Moreover, 5 cases showed diagnostic. Olympic game rings All patients had positive IgG4 levels, 55 cases were positive for specific total IgG and IgG1, whereas, only 24 cases had positive IgG2 levels (26.6%). All negative control group showed no cross reactions. On the other hand, ELISA detecting IgG4 showed the highest specificity (95%), followed by IgG2 (85%) and the least specific test was obtained with detection of IgG (70%) and IgG1 (65%). One month after treatment, 91.1% of patients (82/90) were completely cured and even after another two months follow-up. In completely cured patients none of anti-Fasciola isotypes was significantly changed. So, detection of anti-Fasciola isotypes especially IgG4 is very specific for the accurate diagnosis of human fascioliasis.

Modified agglutination test (MAT) was applied to 150 chicken sera (90 were farm-bred and 60 house-bred chickens). The prevalence of Toxoplasma antibodies was 18.7%. In house-bred chickens positive cases were 18 out of 60 (30.0%), while in farm-bred chickens positive cases were 10 out of 90 (11.1%). Histopathological sections of the seropositive chickens showed tissue lesions which were most likely to be induced by T. gondii. Tissue cysts of T. gondii were demonstrated in the liver, brain, heart and skeletal muscles of 22 (78.6%) out of 28 positive chickens. These tissue cysts were found mostly in the brain of seropositive chickens. Epidemiological implications of these data for public health significance were discussed.

Modified agglutination test (MAT) was applied to 150 chicken sera (90 were farm-bred and 60 house-bred chickens). The prevalence of Toxoplasma antibodies was 18.7%. In house-bred chickens positive cases were 18 out of 60 (30.0%), while in farm-bred chickens positive cases were 10 out of 90 (11.1%). Histopathological sections of the seropositive chickens showed tissue lesions which were most likely to be induced by T. gondii. Tissue cysts of T. gondii were demonstrated in the liver, brain, heart and skeletal muscles of 22 (78.6%) out of 28 positive chickens. These tissue cysts were found mostly in the brain of seropositive chickens. Epidemiological implications of these data for public health significance were discussed.

Various isolates of S. mansoni, originally showed marked diminished susceptibility to PZQ, were used in this work. These isolates were taken from patients not cured after two or three doses of the drug. They were passed in experimental mice and treated with sub-curative doses of PZQ to determine the effect of drug pressure on the offspring of these isolates. Upon treatment of the second generation of these isolates with curative doses of PZQ, they showed significant less response to the drug in terms of both the drug efficacy (percent of worm reduction), and the ED50 (the effective dose that kills 50% of worms). Also, stability test was performed on some S. mansoni isolates. This means repeated treatment of unsusceptible isolates that have been passed for several passages in the lab. and results compared to that of a control susceptible isolate (originally taken from a patient cured after a single dose of PZQ). The results showed that repeated passage of S. mansoni isolates in the lab. does not render them more susceptible to PZQ. Indeed, these resistant isolates showed less susceptibility to the drug than before, or at least they retain their original level of insusceptibility to PZQ

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