This trial investigated activity of praziquantel and commiphora molmol (mirazid) combination regimen in the treatment of urinary Schistosomiasis infected patients. The sample population was composed of 845 individuals (400 school children and 445 adult). Screening for Schistosoma haematobium was done using microscopical examination of urine samples either directly or after centrifugation. Three samples were examined for each case. All positive eligible subjects were randomly assigned into four groups, the first received mirazid at a dose of 600 mg/day (two capsules before breakfast) for three consecutive days, the second received praziquantel at a single dose of 40 mg/kg and the third received combination of praziquantel at a single dose of 40 mg/kg followed by mirazid at a dose of 600 mg/day (two capsules before breakfast) for three consecutive days. Fourth group used as a control group. AII treated subjects were examined three days, one, two, and four weeks post-treatment. Mirazid showed low cure rates of 45 and 50 % for school children and household members, respectively, 73.6 and 81.8%, respectively, in those treated with praziquantel compared with 100% cure rate in both school children and household members with the combination regimen. Therefore, we recommend this combination as an agent to control Schistosomiasis.

Background The link between Vitamin-D deficiency and type 2 diabetes (T2D) is well-established. Since prediabetic obese populations have the greatest risk to develop to T2D, it was important in our study to examine serum 25(OH) D3 concentration among prediabetic obese patients and to evaluate the correlation between serum levelofvitaminDandBMI,FBS,HOMAIRandHbA1camongprediabetespatients. Methods A multicenter case control study was carried out among 101 prediabetic persons & 50 controls, after obtaining consent from subjects and clearance from institutional ethics committee. Serum vitamin D level, Plasma levels of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and fasting insulin levels were measured by ELISA in bothgroupsenrolledinthestudy. Results The prevalence of vitamin-D deficiency/insufficiency was (73.3%) (n=74) among 101 prediabetic obese individuals. Also, A significant inverse correlation was observed between vitamin D levels & body mass index(r=- 0.28, P=0.004); fasting blood sugar (r=- 0.22, P=0.002); HOMA insulin resistance (r=0.25P=0.01);HbA1C(r=-0.2, 0.004). Conclusions High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency exists among obese prediabetic individuals and there is significantinversecorrelationbetweenBMI,FBS,HOMAIR,HbA1candvitaminDlevel

Background The link between Vitamin-D deficiency and type 2 diabetes (T2D) is well-established. Since prediabetic obese populations have the greatest risk to develop to T2D, it was important in our study to examine serum 25(OH) D3 concentration among prediabetic obese patients and to evaluate the correlation between serum levelofvitaminDandBMI,FBS,HOMAIRandHbA1camongprediabetespatients. Methods A multicenter case control study was carried out among 101 prediabetic persons & 50 controls, after obtaining consent from subjects and clearance from institutional ethics committee. Serum vitamin D level, Plasma levels of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and fasting insulin levels were measured by ELISA in bothgroupsenrolledinthestudy. Results The prevalence of vitamin-D deficiency/insufficiency was (73.3%) (n=74) among 101 prediabetic obese individuals. Also, A significant inverse correlation was observed between vitamin D levels & body mass index(r=- 0.28, P=0.004); fasting blood sugar (r=- 0.22, P=0.002); HOMA insulin resistance (r=0.25P=0.01);HbA1C(r=-0.2, 0.004). Conclusions High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency exists among obese prediabetic individuals and there is significantinversecorrelationbetweenBMI,FBS,HOMAIR,HbA1candvitaminDlevel

Background The link between Vitamin-D deficiency and type 2 diabetes (T2D) is well-established. Since prediabetic obese populations have the greatest risk to develop to T2D, it was important in our study to examine serum 25(OH) D3 concentration among prediabetic obese patients and to evaluate the correlation between serum levelofvitaminDandBMI,FBS,HOMAIRandHbA1camongprediabetespatients. Methods A multicenter case control study was carried out among 101 prediabetic persons & 50 controls, after obtaining consent from subjects and clearance from institutional ethics committee. Serum vitamin D level, Plasma levels of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and fasting insulin levels were measured by ELISA in bothgroupsenrolledinthestudy. Results The prevalence of vitamin-D deficiency/insufficiency was (73.3%) (n=74) among 101 prediabetic obese individuals. Also, A significant inverse correlation was observed between vitamin D levels & body mass index(r=- 0.28, P=0.004); fasting blood sugar (r=- 0.22, P=0.002); HOMA insulin resistance (r=0.25P=0.01);HbA1C(r=-0.2, 0.004). Conclusions High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency exists among obese prediabetic individuals and there is significantinversecorrelationbetweenBMI,FBS,HOMAIR,HbA1candvitaminDlevel

Background The link between Vitamin-D deficiency and type 2 diabetes (T2D) is well-established. Since prediabetic obese populations have the greatest risk to develop to T2D, it was important in our study to examine serum 25(OH) D3 concentration among prediabetic obese patients and to evaluate the correlation between serum levelofvitaminDandBMI,FBS,HOMAIRandHbA1camongprediabetespatients. Methods A multicenter case control study was carried out among 101 prediabetic persons & 50 controls, after obtaining consent from subjects and clearance from institutional ethics committee. Serum vitamin D level, Plasma levels of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and fasting insulin levels were measured by ELISA in bothgroupsenrolledinthestudy. Results The prevalence of vitamin-D deficiency/insufficiency was (73.3%) (n=74) among 101 prediabetic obese individuals. Also, A significant inverse correlation was observed between vitamin D levels & body mass index(r=- 0.28, P=0.004); fasting blood sugar (r=- 0.22, P=0.002); HOMA insulin resistance (r=0.25P=0.01);HbA1C(r=-0.2, 0.004). Conclusions High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency exists among obese prediabetic individuals and there is significantinversecorrelationbetweenBMI,FBS,HOMAIR,HbA1candvitaminDlevel

ABSTRACT Introduction: The liver has an important role in carbohydrate metabolism since it is responsible for the balance of blood glucose levels by means of glycogenogenesis and glycogenolysis. Aim of the Study: Evaluation of the effect of the single and combined administration of insulin and N-acetyl cysteine on glucose metabolism in hepatotoxic rats. Materials and Methods: This study enrolling 5 groups of adult male albino rats. Hepatotoxicity was induced in group II, III, IV &V using carbon tetrachloride, while group I was left as control. Group II received no treatment, group III received N-acetyl cysteine, group IV received insulin while group V received insulin and N-acetyl cysteine. Samples were taken and measured liver function tests, insulin, glucose and adiponectin level as well as histopathological studies analysis of the liver specimens were measured and nonparametric multicomparison test was applied. Results: Liver function tests, group II and group IV showed higher significant statistical difference than group I and III. Also group II showed higher significant statistical difference than other groups as regarding blood glucose level and adiponectin level. The histopathological results revealed that the untreated group showed significant liver damage when compared to the control group, while treatment with NAC alone and treated with insulin and NAC showed significant reduction of all histopathological changes, whereas treatment with insulin alone significantly reduced all the histopathological changes except lobular inflammation. Conclusion: Good control of carbohydrate metabolism including insulin level, insulin resistance and adiponectin level helped in improving the prognosis of liver dysfuction diseases.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The liver has an important role in carbohydrate metabolism since it is responsible for the balance of blood glucose levels by means of glycogenogenesis and glycogenolysis. Aim of the Study: Evaluation of the effect of the single and combined administration of insulin and N-acetyl cysteine on glucose metabolism in hepatotoxic rats. Materials and Methods: This study enrolling 5 groups of adult male albino rats. Hepatotoxicity was induced in group II, III, IV &V using carbon tetrachloride, while group I was left as control. Group II received no treatment, group III received N-acetyl cysteine, group IV received insulin while group V received insulin and N-acetyl cysteine. Samples were taken and measured liver function tests, insulin, glucose and adiponectin level as well as histopathological studies analysis of the liver specimens were measured and nonparametric multicomparison test was applied. Results: Liver function tests, group II and group IV showed higher significant statistical difference than group I and III. Also group II showed higher significant statistical difference than other groups as regarding blood glucose level and adiponectin level. The histopathological results revealed that the untreated group showed significant liver damage when compared to the control group, while treatment with NAC alone and treated with insulin and NAC showed significant reduction of all histopathological changes, whereas treatment with insulin alone significantly reduced all the histopathological changes except lobular inflammation. Conclusion: Good control of carbohydrate metabolism including insulin level, insulin resistance and adiponectin level helped in improving the prognosis of liver dysfuction diseases.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The liver has an important role in carbohydrate metabolism since it is responsible for the balance of blood glucose levels by means of glycogenogenesis and glycogenolysis. Aim of the Study: Evaluation of the effect of the single and combined administration of insulin and N-acetyl cysteine on glucose metabolism in hepatotoxic rats. Materials and Methods: This study enrolling 5 groups of adult male albino rats. Hepatotoxicity was induced in group II, III, IV &V using carbon tetrachloride, while group I was left as control. Group II received no treatment, group III received N-acetyl cysteine, group IV received insulin while group V received insulin and N-acetyl cysteine. Samples were taken and measured liver function tests, insulin, glucose and adiponectin level as well as histopathological studies analysis of the liver specimens were measured and nonparametric multicomparison test was applied. Results: Liver function tests, group II and group IV showed higher significant statistical difference than group I and III. Also group II showed higher significant statistical difference than other groups as regarding blood glucose level and adiponectin level. The histopathological results revealed that the untreated group showed significant liver damage when compared to the control group, while treatment with NAC alone and treated with insulin and NAC showed significant reduction of all histopathological changes, whereas treatment with insulin alone significantly reduced all the histopathological changes except lobular inflammation. Conclusion: Good control of carbohydrate metabolism including insulin level, insulin resistance and adiponectin level helped in improving the prognosis of liver dysfuction diseases.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The liver has an important role in carbohydrate metabolism since it is responsible for the balance of blood glucose levels by means of glycogenogenesis and glycogenolysis. Aim of the Study: Evaluation of the effect of the single and combined administration of insulin and N-acetyl cysteine on glucose metabolism in hepatotoxic rats. Materials and Methods: This study enrolling 5 groups of adult male albino rats. Hepatotoxicity was induced in group II, III, IV &V using carbon tetrachloride, while group I was left as control. Group II received no treatment, group III received N-acetyl cysteine, group IV received insulin while group V received insulin and N-acetyl cysteine. Samples were taken and measured liver function tests, insulin, glucose and adiponectin level as well as histopathological studies analysis of the liver specimens were measured and nonparametric multicomparison test was applied. Results: Liver function tests, group II and group IV showed higher significant statistical difference than group I and III. Also group II showed higher significant statistical difference than other groups as regarding blood glucose level and adiponectin level. The histopathological results revealed that the untreated group showed significant liver damage when compared to the control group, while treatment with NAC alone and treated with insulin and NAC showed significant reduction of all histopathological changes, whereas treatment with insulin alone significantly reduced all the histopathological changes except lobular inflammation. Conclusion: Good control of carbohydrate metabolism including insulin level, insulin resistance and adiponectin level helped in improving the prognosis of liver dysfuction diseases.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Mirabegron is a novel β3-adrenergic receptor agonist that recently approved for the management of overactive urinary bladder disease. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have a major role in the pathogenesis of gentamicin nephrotoxicity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the renoprotective effect of mirabegron alone and in combination with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in cases of nephrotoxicity induced by gentamicin in rats. Materials and Methods: 40 Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups. Group 1; treated with NaCl 0.2 ml i.p. Group 2; received 100 mg/kg of gentamicin i.p. for 8 days for induction of nephrotoxicity. Group 3; treated with gentamicin + NAC (500 mg/kg i.p.for 8 days). Group 4; treated with gentamicin + mirabegron (10 mg/kg orally for 8 days). Group 5; treated with gentamicin + NAC + mirabegron. After 8 days, blood samples were used for assessment of renal function. Serum nitric oxide, renal malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels were measured. Results: Gentamicin caused a significant elevation of serum creatinine, urea, uric acid and nitric oxide with significant elevation of kidney MDA with reduction of GSH. Treatment with both of NAC and mirabegron each alone or in combination with each other caused restoration of renal function parameters and caused significant decrease in serum nitric oxide and MAD and increase in GSH. These changes were more marked with combination of NAC and mirabegron. Conclusion: Mirabegron has a modest antioxidant activity which may be responsible for its protective effect against nephrotoxicity induced by gentamicin.