Abstract: Avian coccidiosis remains one of the major parasitic diseases that threaten the global
poultry industry. Since prevention is superior to treatment, this study focuses on eliminating the
infection outside the host. To determine their effect on the viability of Eimeria tenella oocysts in vitro,
allicin and alcoholic garlic extract, which are natural, less toxic, and inexpensive products, were
compared to KOH 5% (chemical disinfectant) using an in vitro culture system. Three concentrations
of allicin (45, 90, and 180 mg/mL) and alcoholic garlic extract (90, 180, and 360 mg/mL, were used.
Subsequently, destructive and sporulation-inhibiting effects on Eimeria oocysts were detected using
light and electron microscopy. Young chickens were infected with treated sporulated oocysts to
determine their effect on infectivity. After 7 days pi, the percentage of excreted oocysts (oocyst
shedding) was determined, and the chickens were slaughtered for histopathological examination of
the cecal tissues. Under an electron microscope, allicin at a concentration of 180 mg/mL and alcoholicgarlic extract at a concentration of 360 mg/mL demonstrate a high oocysticidal activity with severe
destruction of the oocyst wall and the appearance of pores. In addition, both concentrations directly
affected the infectivity of sporulated oocysts by reducing the shedding of oocysts and the pathological
lesions of infected young chickens. We concluded that the ability of Allicin and alcoholic garlic extract
to eliminate Eimeria oocysts makes them superior to chemical disinfectants as a disinfectant.
Keywords: viability; infectivity; oocyst shedding; disinfectan

Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. There is accumulating evidence that link gut microbiota to symptomatology and pathophysiology of PD. The aim of this study was to
describe the pattern of gut microbiota and its association with PD and identify the effect of environmental factors on
gut microbiota. This case–control study included 46 patients diagnosed as Parkinson’s disease (PD) and 31 healthy
volunteers age and sex matched. Detailed history including age of onset, duration of disease, environmental risk factors, diet data, treatment, Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) domain of
Non‐Motor Symptoms Scale (NMSS) were assessed. After extraction of bacterial DNA from the fecal samples, bacterial
abundance was quantified by qPCR using 16S rRNA group-specific primers.
Results: Significant high abundance of Clostridium cluster IV, Akkermansia, Bifidobacterium, and lactic acid bacteria
were found in the PD group compared with the control group (P < 0.001, 0.04, 0.02 and < 0.001, respectively), while
Firmicutes were significantly less abundant in the PD group (P < 0.001) compared with the control group. The naive
PD patients had significant abundance of Bifidobacterium, and lactic acid compared with control group. Interestingly,
Akkermansia was more abundant in treated than untreated patients. There were significant associations between
pesticide exposure and Bifidobacterium (P=0.002), while no significant correlations between different gut microbiota
and demographic, environment data, different rating scores or dominant type of PD. There was a significant negative
correlation between the Bifidobacterium with the duration of illness (P=0.012).
Conclusion: The present study highlighted a significant connection between PD and levels of certain types of gut
microbiota, in support of a possible link between gut microbiota and a neurodegenerative cascade of PD.