During the first half of the 20th century, thoracoscopy was used almost exclusively for the management of pleural effusions and pulmonary tuberculosis starting with nonspecific instruments, a cystoscopy, and continue to develop with the increasing use with time until the tremendous success of laparoscopic procedures in the 1980s which gave impetus to surgeons to apply this technology to increase feasibility and use of minimal invasive approaches in more difficult thoracic surgery operations. But what if we do not have this technology of high definition cameras, specialized VATS instruments or endostaplers. Most literature reviews recommendation about learning curves for VATS lobectomy is to do more than 100 cases of minor VATS procedure before starting to perform VATS lobectomy. We try to demonstrate our local experience of implementing a VATS lobectomy program in a cardiothoracic surgery department after completing our first 51 cases of minor VATS procedures.

BACKGROUND: A growing body of evidence suggests that chronic cigarette smoking causes detrimental effects on brain morphology. AIM OF WORK: To study the structural changes in auditory cortex region (Layer V), under the influence of nicotine. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Three animal groups (10 each) were used; group I (control) and groups IIa and IIb received 3 and 6mg/kg nicotine respectively. The specimens from the auditory cortex were examined using light and electron microscopy and morphometry. RESULTS: Neurons and blood capillaries of the auditory cortex (layer V), were influenced by chronic nicotine treatment in a dose dependent manner. The neurons and their processes revealed disorganization and dissociation of microtubules. The neuronal cells nucleoli characteristically revealed large fibrillar centers detected by silver stain and ultrastructure. The blood capillaries revealed collapse, irregular lumen, thickened basal lamina, abnormal forms of nuclei and organization of microtubules. Neuroglia revealed marked reactivity. Morphometrically, there was a significant decrease in the thickness of the auditory cortex and the number of light neurons and a significant increase in the number of dark neurons in comparison to the control. CONCLUSION: Nicotine affects the integrity of the auditory cortex possibly by reducing metabolic and transcription activities.

BACKGROUND: A growing body of evidence suggests that chronic cigarette smoking causes detrimental effects on brain morphology. AIM OF WORK: To study the structural changes in auditory cortex region (Layer V), under the influence of nicotine. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Three animal groups (10 each) were used; group I (control) and groups IIa and IIb received 3 and 6mg/kg nicotine respectively. The specimens from the auditory cortex were examined using light and electron microscopy and morphometry. RESULTS: Neurons and blood capillaries of the auditory cortex (layer V), were influenced by chronic nicotine treatment in a dose dependent manner. The neurons and their processes revealed disorganization and dissociation of microtubules. The neuronal cells nucleoli characteristically revealed large fibrillar centers detected by silver stain and ultrastructure. The blood capillaries revealed collapse, irregular lumen, thickened basal lamina, abnormal forms of nuclei and organization of microtubules. Neuroglia revealed marked reactivity. Morphometrically, there was a significant decrease in the thickness of the auditory cortex and the number of light neurons and a significant increase in the number of dark neurons in comparison to the control. CONCLUSION: Nicotine affects the integrity of the auditory cortex possibly by reducing metabolic and transcription activities.

BACKGROUND: A growing body of evidence suggests that chronic cigarette smoking causes detrimental effects on brain morphology. AIM OF WORK: To study the structural changes in auditory cortex region (Layer V), under the influence of nicotine. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Three animal groups (10 each) were used; group I (control) and groups IIa and IIb received 3 and 6mg/kg nicotine respectively. The specimens from the auditory cortex were examined using light and electron microscopy and morphometry. RESULTS: Neurons and blood capillaries of the auditory cortex (layer V), were influenced by chronic nicotine treatment in a dose dependent manner. The neurons and their processes revealed disorganization and dissociation of microtubules. The neuronal cells nucleoli characteristically revealed large fibrillar centers detected by silver stain and ultrastructure. The blood capillaries revealed collapse, irregular lumen, thickened basal lamina, abnormal forms of nuclei and organization of microtubules. Neuroglia revealed marked reactivity. Morphometrically, there was a significant decrease in the thickness of the auditory cortex and the number of light neurons and a significant increase in the number of dark neurons in comparison to the control. CONCLUSION: Nicotine affects the integrity of the auditory cortex possibly by reducing metabolic and transcription activities.

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