This study was conducted to evaluate the combined disc test and the double disc synergy test for MBL detection among imipenem sensitive and resistant A. baumanni strains, to study the co-resistance to other classes of antibiotics and to determine the prevalence of some antibiotic resistance determinants (bla OXA 51 like gene and class I integron) among these isolates. We isolated a total of 51 A. baumannii strains. The antibiotic sensitivity pattern was determined by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. For imipenem, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined using the Epsilometer (E test). The isolates were tested for the presence of MBLs by the combined disc test (CDT) and the double disc synergy test (DDST). For all isolates, PCR was performed for the detection of the bla OXA-51-like and Class I integrase genes. The highest rates of resistance were against ciprofloxacin (64.7%), amoxacillin clavulanic acid (58.8%), amikacin (58.8%), ceftriaxone (56.9%) and chloramphenicol (52.9%). Lower rates of resistance were to imipenem (31.4%) and tetracyclines (25.5%). MBLs were detected in both imipenem sensitive and resistant A. baumannii isolates. The CDT had a sensitivity ranging from 92% to 100% , while the DDST had a sensitivity ranging from 86.2% to 100%. The bla OXA-51 like gene was detected in 96.1% and Class I integrase gene was detected in (72.5%) of A. baumannii strains . The later conferred significantly higher resistance rates to various antibiotics.

Two series of new 2-[4-((1H-benzimidazol-2-ylthio)methyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]N`-(arylmethylidene) acetohydrazides (4-14) and 2-[4-((1H-benzimidazol-2-ylthio)methyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]N`-(α-arylethylidene) acetohydrazides (15-20) were prepared by the reaction of 2-[4-((1H-benzimidazol-2-ylthio)methyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1- yl]acetohydrazide (3) and the appropriate (un) substituted benzaldehyde or acetophenones. The purity of all new compounds was checked by TLC and elucidation of their structures was confirmed by IR, 1H NMR, and mass spectrometry along with elemental microanalyses. All the target compounds were evaluated for their possible antimicrobial activity. Most of the tested compounds showed moderate to good antibacterial activity against most of the bacterial strains used in comparison with ciprofloxacin as a reference drug. The most active compounds were (7), (13), (15), and (20). Results of antifungal activity revealed that all compounds showed a good and potent antifungal activity in comparison to fluconazole as a reference drug. Compounds (8), (9), (13) and (14) were the most active compounds

Two series of new 2-[4-((1H-benzimidazol-2-ylthio)methyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]N`-(arylmethylidene) acetohydrazides (4-14) and 2-[4-((1H-benzimidazol-2-ylthio)methyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]N`-(α-arylethylidene) acetohydrazides (15-20) were prepared by the reaction of 2-[4-((1H-benzimidazol-2-ylthio)methyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1- yl]acetohydrazide (3) and the appropriate (un) substituted benzaldehyde or acetophenones. The purity of all new compounds was checked by TLC and elucidation of their structures was confirmed by IR, 1H NMR, and mass spectrometry along with elemental microanalyses. All the target compounds were evaluated for their possible antimicrobial activity. Most of the tested compounds showed moderate to good antibacterial activity against most of the bacterial strains used in comparison with ciprofloxacin as a reference drug. The most active compounds were (7), (13), (15), and (20). Results of antifungal activity revealed that all compounds showed a good and potent antifungal activity in comparison to fluconazole as a reference drug. Compounds (8), (9), (13) and (14) were the most active compounds

This study was conducted during the period from February 2010 to February 2011 to correlate the Acinetobacter baumannii strains isolated from clinical and environmental samples by different methods including biotyping, antibiogram, phenotyping (detection of metallo-B-lactamase enzyme) and also molecular typing throw detection of universal gene of Acinetobacter species. We isolated a total of 51 Acinetobacter species from clinical and environmental samples from different wards and ICUs of Assiut University Hospitals. Biotyping of the isolates were done using API 20NE Index system which identified all clinical & environmental isolatesas Acinetobacter baumannii / calcoaceticus complex. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was determined by Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. The highest resistance was to penicillin derivatives (66.7% and 51.9% in clinical and environmental samples respectively). The lowest resistance was to tetracycline (20.8% and 29.6%) and imipenem (29.2% and 33.3% in clinical and environmental samples respectively). Phenotypic detection of Metallo-B-lactamase (MBL) was done by double disc synergy test. All the imipenem resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strains isolated from clinical and environmental samples expressed MBL phenotypically. Molecular typing by PCR showed that 49 of Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from clinical and environmental samples had positive ITS of 602-622bp with an overall sequence similarity of more than96%.These methods supported a close relationship between clinical and environmental isolates and also indicated the important role of hospital environment in spread and transmissibility of multidrug resistant A. baumanii among hospitalized patients.

This study was conducted during the period from February 2010 to February 2011 to correlate the Acinetobacter baumannii strains isolated from clinical and environmental samples by different methods including biotyping, antibiogram, phenotyping (detection of metallo-B-lactamase enzyme) and also molecular typing throw detection of universal gene of Acinetobacter species. We isolated a total of 51 Acinetobacter species from clinical and environmental samples from different wards and ICUs of Assiut University Hospitals. Biotyping of the isolates were done using API 20NE Index system which identified all clinical & environmental isolatesas Acinetobacter baumannii / calcoaceticus complex. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was determined by Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. The highest resistance was to penicillin derivatives (66.7% and 51.9% in clinical and environmental samples respectively). The lowest resistance was to tetracycline (20.8% and 29.6%) and imipenem (29.2% and 33.3% in clinical and environmental samples respectively). Phenotypic detection of Metallo-B-lactamase (MBL) was done by double disc synergy test. All the imipenem resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strains isolated from clinical and environmental samples expressed MBL phenotypically. Molecular typing by PCR showed that 49 of Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from clinical and environmental samples had positive ITS of 602-622bp with an overall sequence similarity of more than96%.These methods supported a close relationship between clinical and environmental isolates and also indicated the important role of hospital environment in spread and transmissibility of multidrug resistant A. baumanii among hospitalized patients.

This study was conducted during the period from February 2010 to February 2011 to correlate the Acinetobacter baumannii strains isolated from clinical and environmental samples by different methods including biotyping, antibiogram, phenotyping (detection of metallo-B-lactamase enzyme) and also molecular typing throw detection of universal gene of Acinetobacter species. We isolated a total of 51 Acinetobacter species from clinical and environmental samples from different wards and ICUs of Assiut University Hospitals. Biotyping of the isolates were done using API 20NE Index system which identified all clinical & environmental isolatesas Acinetobacter baumannii / calcoaceticus complex. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was determined by Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. The highest resistance was to penicillin derivatives (66.7% and 51.9% in clinical and environmental samples respectively). The lowest resistance was to tetracycline (20.8% and 29.6%) and imipenem (29.2% and 33.3% in clinical and environmental samples respectively). Phenotypic detection of Metallo-B-lactamase (MBL) was done by double disc synergy test. All the imipenem resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strains isolated from clinical and environmental samples expressed MBL phenotypically. Molecular typing by PCR showed that 49 of Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from clinical and environmental samples had positive ITS of 602-622bp with an overall sequence similarity of more than96%.These methods supported a close relationship between clinical and environmental isolates and also indicated the important role of hospital environment in spread and transmissibility of multidrug resistant A. baumanii among hospitalized patients.

This study was conducted during the period from February 2010 to February 2011 to correlate the Acinetobacter baumannii strains isolated from clinical and environmental samples by different methods including biotyping, antibiogram, phenotyping (detection of metallo-B-lactamase enzyme) and also molecular typing throw detection of universal gene of Acinetobacter species. We isolated a total of 51 Acinetobacter species from clinical and environmental samples from different wards and ICUs of Assiut University Hospitals. Biotyping of the isolates were done using API 20NE Index system which identified all clinical & environmental isolatesas Acinetobacter baumannii / calcoaceticus complex. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was determined by Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. The highest resistance was to penicillin derivatives (66.7% and 51.9% in clinical and environmental samples respectively). The lowest resistance was to tetracycline (20.8% and 29.6%) and imipenem (29.2% and 33.3% in clinical and environmental samples respectively). Phenotypic detection of Metallo-B-lactamase (MBL) was done by double disc synergy test. All the imipenem resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strains isolated from clinical and environmental samples expressed MBL phenotypically. Molecular typing by PCR showed that 49 of Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from clinical and environmental samples had positive ITS of 602-622bp with an overall sequence similarity of more than96%.These methods supported a close relationship between clinical and environmental isolates and also indicated the important role of hospital environment in spread and transmissibility of multidrug resistant A. baumanii among hospitalized patients.

This study was conducted during the period from February 2010 to February 2011 to correlate the Acinetobacter baumannii strains isolated from clinical and environmental samples by different methods including biotyping, antibiogram, phenotyping (detection of metallo-B-lactamase enzyme) and also molecular typing throw detection of universal gene of Acinetobacter species. We isolated a total of 51 Acinetobacter species from clinical and environmental samples from different wards and ICUs of Assiut University Hospitals. Biotyping of the isolates were done using API 20NE Index system which identified all clinical & environmental isolatesas Acinetobacter baumannii / calcoaceticus complex. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was determined by Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. The highest resistance was to penicillin derivatives (66.7% and 51.9% in clinical and environmental samples respectively). The lowest resistance was to tetracycline (20.8% and 29.6%) and imipenem (29.2% and 33.3% in clinical and environmental samples respectively). Phenotypic detection of Metallo-B-lactamase (MBL) was done by double disc synergy test. All the imipenem resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strains isolated from clinical and environmental samples expressed MBL phenotypically. Molecular typing by PCR showed that 49 of Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from clinical and environmental samples had positive ITS of 602-622bp with an overall sequence similarity of more than96%.These methods supported a close relationship between clinical and environmental isolates and also indicated the important role of hospital environment in spread and transmissibility of multidrug resistant A. baumanii among hospitalized patients.

Triazoles with different substituent groups are found to possess diverse applications in the field of medicinal chemistry. A new series of novel 1,3,5-trisubstituted[1,2,4]triazole derivatives, their Schiff bases and their amide derivatives were synthesized. Schiff bases (6-10) were prepared by the reaction of the triazoles amine 5 with equimolar amounts of the appropriate substituted benzaldehydes. The amide derivatives (25-39) were obtained by condensation of triazole amines (21-24) with the appropriate acid chloride. Chemical structures were confirmed by IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, FAB-MS, EI-HRMS spectra and elemental analyses. All the newly synthesized compounds were tested for in vitro activity against certain strains of bacteria such as Staph. aureus, Staph. saprophyticus, Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus. Most of the tested new compounds exhibited promissing antibacterial activity. Some of them showed antibacterial activity more significant than the reference drugs. Compounds 6-10, 33, 36 and 39 were the most potent derivatives.

There is mounting evidence that Acinetobacter baumannii has a naturally occurring carbapenemase gene intrinsic in this species. Presence of class 1 integrase gene in Acinetobacter isolates is a useful marker for causing outbreaks in hospitals and for being epidemic strains of A. baumannii. The goal of the present study was to detect the resistance and outbreak marker genes by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (blaOXA-51-like gene and class 1 integrase gene). Also to detect the correlation between imipenem susceptibility and detection of blaOXA-51-like gene. For these purposes, 51 consecutive, non-duplicate, A. baumanii strains were isolated from various clinical and environmental specimens from the Intensive Care Units (ICUs) of Assiut University Hospitals, Egypt. All the isolates were identified by conventional standard methods. The antibiotic sensitivity pattern was determined by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. For imipenem, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined using Epsilometer (E test). Multiplex PCR was performed for the detection of the blaOXA-51-like and Class I integrase genes. The blaOXA-51-like gene was detected in (95.8%) and (96.3%) in clinical and environmental isolates, respectively. Class I integrase gene was detected in (75%) and (70.3%) in clinical and environmental isolates, respectively with statistically significant difference (P value of clinical samples = 0.041 and P value of environmental samples =0.011). This means that these strains have metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) gene (cause outbreak in hospital at any time). Also (67.35%) of A. baumanii isolates are imipenem sensitive and positive for blaOXA-51-like gene and this means that these isolates contain hidden metallo beta lactamase MBL gene. Detection of outbreak caused by multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in Assiut University Hospitals (PDF Download Available). Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264039110_Detection_of_outbreak_caused_by_multi-drug_resistant_Acinetobacter_baumannii_in_Assiut_University_Hospitals [accessed Apr 16, 2016].