Abstract: A half-diallel set of crosses was established among six local cultivars of cotton namely Giza-88, Giza-90, Giza-87, Giza-89, Giza-91 and Giza-83 in order to estimate the genetic parameters of agro-physiological traits under two contrasting environments of a clay-fertile soil and a sandy-calcareous infertile soil. The results revealed that the additive and non-additive gene effects were involved in the control of the studied traits in both environments. Most of the variation was attributed to the non –additive gene. Drought stress reverse the gene effects controlling the plant height and number of opened boll under favorable environment, whereas the additive gene effects were more important in favorable conditions but under stress the dominant effects of the genes were more important. The Wr/Vr analysis revealed that over-dominance was operating for the F1 generation and partial dominance was detected for the F2 generation under the two environments. The order of the dominance of the cultivars Giza-87 and Giza-89 were reversed under drought. The genetic parameters indicating non-equal distribution of dominant and recessive alleles among the six parents analyzed. Narrow-sense heritability values were much smaller relatively to broad-sense heritability in the two environments except for the plant height indicating that the additive component was smaller than the other components of variance.

ABSTRACT Root-knot nematodes are one of the major limiting factors affecting plant growth and yield. Currently, synthetic pesticides are principle means used in integrated management to the nematodes due to its impact on reduction of environmental pollution and preserve the natural equilibrium of the components of the ecosystem In this framework has been defined many plant species that have significantly effect on nematodes In this work in vitro a potential of aqueous extracts from Neem (Azadirachta indica), Jatropha (Jatropha curcas), Henna (Lawsonia inermis) and Fresh peel of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) was determine in limiting the hatch of the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica eggs with four concentrations of aqueous extracts (25, 50, 75 and 100%) in three time of applied. All the extracts reduced the hatching of eggs whereas the most reduction occurred in A. indica, followed by J. gossypifolia as very good inhibitors of egg hatch of M. javanica then L. inermis and C. sinensis.

Abstract RAPD-PCR was performed using six random primers to identify the genetic diversity among six plant samples belong to two genera (Euphorbia and Ricinus). The dendrogram, based on genetic distance, depict the relationship among the investigated plant samples, separate clearly the six samples. The closest relationship was observed between E. geniculata and E. aphylla; and E. pulcherrima and E. peplus, while this relationship was quite separated between these four samples and the other two samples E. cactus and R. communis. Fragments generated by the six primers show a polymorphism ratio of 88.9%. Bands 3500 and 750 bp generated by primer OP-Z13, and also bands 2000, 1500, 1400, 1200, 1000, 720 and 550 bp generated by primer OP-A09 existing only in the plant samples of E. geniculata and E. aphylla, which suggest that these bands can be used as a positive molecular marker to identify these plant samples. Bands 2500, 1720, 1650, 1300, 950 and 250 bp generated by primer OP-A09, and band 1200 bp generated by primer OP-A20 and band 350 bp generated by primer OP-Z19 and band 250 bp generated by primer OP-Z17 were common in all plant samples of family Euphorbiaceae. Moreover, band 430 bp generated by primer OP-Z17 was characterized for Ricinus communis and absent in other plants of genus Euphorbia. Also, band 2700 bp generated by primer OP-A20 and band 210 bp generated by primer OP-Z19 existing only in Euphorbia peplus. This study highlights the usefulness of RAPD assay for determining genetic variation in different plant genera and for estimating genetic distances between different plant samples. Moreover, knowledge of genetic distance among genera and species, and genetic diversity/structure within genera could be useful for conservation of genetic resources. Data presented here are the first report in Egypt of genetic variation inside genera Euphorbia and Ricinus described at the molecular level. We consider this work as a first step in molecular characterization of genera Euphorbia and Ricinus, thus, it is recommended to extend the panel of samples and primers in the future.

Abstract RAPD-PCR was performed using six random primers to identify the genetic diversity among six plant samples belong to two genera (Euphorbia and Ricinus). The dendrogram, based on genetic distance, depict the relationship among the investigated plant samples, separate clearly the six samples. The closest relationship was observed between E. geniculata and E. aphylla; and E. pulcherrima and E. peplus, while this relationship was quite separated between these four samples and the other two samples E. cactus and R. communis. Fragments generated by the six primers show a polymorphism ratio of 88.9%. Bands 3500 and 750 bp generated by primer OP-Z13, and also bands 2000, 1500, 1400, 1200, 1000, 720 and 550 bp generated by primer OP-A09 existing only in the plant samples of E. geniculata and E. aphylla, which suggest that these bands can be used as a positive molecular marker to identify these plant samples. Bands 2500, 1720, 1650, 1300, 950 and 250 bp generated by primer OP-A09, and band 1200 bp generated by primer OP-A20 and band 350 bp generated by primer OP-Z19 and band 250 bp generated by primer OP-Z17 were common in all plant samples of family Euphorbiaceae. Moreover, band 430 bp generated by primer OP-Z17 was characterized for Ricinus communis and absent in other plants of genus Euphorbia. Also, band 2700 bp generated by primer OP-A20 and band 210 bp generated by primer OP-Z19 existing only in Euphorbia peplus. This study highlights the usefulness of RAPD assay for determining genetic variation in different plant genera and for estimating genetic distances between different plant samples. Moreover, knowledge of genetic distance among genera and species, and genetic diversity/structure within genera could be useful for conservation of genetic resources. Data presented here are the first report in Egypt of genetic variation inside genera Euphorbia and Ricinus described at the molecular level. We consider this work as a first step in molecular characterization of genera Euphorbia and Ricinus, thus, it is recommended to extend the panel of samples and primers in the future.

Abstract RAPD-PCR was performed using six random primers to identify the genetic diversity among six plant samples belong to two genera (Euphorbia and Ricinus). The dendrogram, based on genetic distance, depict the relationship among the investigated plant samples, separate clearly the six samples. The closest relationship was observed between E. geniculata and E. aphylla; and E. pulcherrima and E. peplus, while this relationship was quite separated between these four samples and the other two samples E. cactus and R. communis. Fragments generated by the six primers show a polymorphism ratio of 88.9%. Bands 3500 and 750 bp generated by primer OP-Z13, and also bands 2000, 1500, 1400, 1200, 1000, 720 and 550 bp generated by primer OP-A09 existing only in the plant samples of E. geniculata and E. aphylla, which suggest that these bands can be used as a positive molecular marker to identify these plant samples. Bands 2500, 1720, 1650, 1300, 950 and 250 bp generated by primer OP-A09, and band 1200 bp generated by primer OP-A20 and band 350 bp generated by primer OP-Z19 and band 250 bp generated by primer OP-Z17 were common in all plant samples of family Euphorbiaceae. Moreover, band 430 bp generated by primer OP-Z17 was characterized for Ricinus communis and absent in other plants of genus Euphorbia. Also, band 2700 bp generated by primer OP-A20 and band 210 bp generated by primer OP-Z19 existing only in Euphorbia peplus. This study highlights the usefulness of RAPD assay for determining genetic variation in different plant genera and for estimating genetic distances between different plant samples. Moreover, knowledge of genetic distance among genera and species, and genetic diversity/structure within genera could be useful for conservation of genetic resources. Data presented here are the first report in Egypt of genetic variation inside genera Euphorbia and Ricinus described at the molecular level. We consider this work as a first step in molecular characterization of genera Euphorbia and Ricinus, thus, it is recommended to extend the panel of samples and primers in the future.

Abstract RAPD-PCR was performed using six random primers to identify the genetic diversity among six plant samples belong to two genera (Euphorbia and Ricinus). The dendrogram, based on genetic distance, depict the relationship among the investigated plant samples, separate clearly the six samples. The closest relationship was observed between E. geniculata and E. aphylla; and E. pulcherrima and E. peplus, while this relationship was quite separated between these four samples and the other two samples E. cactus and R. communis. Fragments generated by the six primers show a polymorphism ratio of 88.9%. Bands 3500 and 750 bp generated by primer OP-Z13, and also bands 2000, 1500, 1400, 1200, 1000, 720 and 550 bp generated by primer OP-A09 existing only in the plant samples of E. geniculata and E. aphylla, which suggest that these bands can be used as a positive molecular marker to identify these plant samples. Bands 2500, 1720, 1650, 1300, 950 and 250 bp generated by primer OP-A09, and band 1200 bp generated by primer OP-A20 and band 350 bp generated by primer OP-Z19 and band 250 bp generated by primer OP-Z17 were common in all plant samples of family Euphorbiaceae. Moreover, band 430 bp generated by primer OP-Z17 was characterized for Ricinus communis and absent in other plants of genus Euphorbia. Also, band 2700 bp generated by primer OP-A20 and band 210 bp generated by primer OP-Z19 existing only in Euphorbia peplus. This study highlights the usefulness of RAPD assay for determining genetic variation in different plant genera and for estimating genetic distances between different plant samples. Moreover, knowledge of genetic distance among genera and species, and genetic diversity/structure within genera could be useful for conservation of genetic resources. Data presented here are the first report in Egypt of genetic variation inside genera Euphorbia and Ricinus described at the molecular level. We consider this work as a first step in molecular characterization of genera Euphorbia and Ricinus, thus, it is recommended to extend the panel of samples and primers in the future.

ABSTRACT RAPD-PCR was performed using ten random primers to identify the genetic diversity among Rahmani, Chios and their crosses. The appearance of bands on gels would reflect the differences between genotypes of the examined animals. The differences would be detected by number and size of present or absent bands with each primer which could be used as positive or negative genetic markers to distinguish between breeds and their crosses. Primers A7, C7 and C1 were used for fingerprinting to identify the Rahmani breed, where they produced bands of 454 and 724 bp, respectively only with Rahmani breed. Presence of band at 410 bp with primer A9 would be used as a genetic marker for Chios breed. The presence of bands 1634, 1105, 223 and 187 bp with primer B17 and also bands 735, 683, 425 and 395 bp with primer A9 could be used as a fingerprinting for cross (½ C ½ R). Presence of bands 173, 132 and 122 bp with primer A5 would be used as a genetic marker for the reciprocal cross (½ R ½ C). The results of molecular DNA of the experimental sheep breeds and their crosses, showed that polymorphism within crosses is higher than polymorphism within the pure breeds of Rahmani and Chios. Fragments generated by primers showed a polymorphism ratio of 10.8 % between Rahmani and Chios and 25 % between crosses (½ C ½ R and ½ R ½ C). Also, the similarity between Rahmani and Chios breeds was 89.1 %, while it was 75 % between crosses. The results asserted that fingerprinting (RAPD-PCR genetic marker) technique would be a useful tool to differentiate sheep breeds and their crosses.

Abstract: The genetic diversity of Actinin-3 gene (responsible for the formation of proteins association muscle fibers) of the higher levels players in the sport of weightlifting was identified as a function of selection, and to study the relationship between the alternative allele of Actinin-3 gene (R577R) and the level of achievement of the higher levels players in the sport of weightlifting. DNA was analysis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to make amplification of Exon-16 in Actinin-3 gene using two specific DNA primers followed by partial digestion using restriction enzyme (Dde1) specialized to detect alleles of Actinin-3 gene (R577R and R577X). The results of PCR amplification for the target part of Actinin-3 gene were similar in size of amplified fragments which means that, whatever the genotype of this region of the gene, nucleotide changes were not due to loss or gain genetic material in the gene but they were due to the changing nature of the linear sequence (nucleotide substitution) of nucleotides in this region. The partial digestion of the amplified fragments of exon-16 (290 bp) of the homozygous genetic pattern (RR) resulted in two fragments (85 and 205 nucleotides) due to the presence of one cut position. Meanwhile, three fragments were resulted from the homozygous genetic pattern (XX) with size of 86, 97 and 108 nucleotides due to presence of two cut positions. While, the digestion analysis of the heterozygous genetic pattern (RX) resulted in five fragments, three of them were 86, 97 and 108 nucleotides, specialized to style (X), in addition to two fragments (85 and 205 nucleotides) specialized to style (R). The results show that the heterozygous genotype (RX) has the largest percentage rate (50%) in the players sample and the homozygous genotype (RR) ratio reached its presence in the sample (30%), while the genotype (XX) ratio reached its presence in the sample (20%). The distribution of the genotypes (RR-RX-XX) of Actinin-3 gene in the sample was in ratio (1:2:1) which means the heritability of Actinin- 3 gene follows the simple mendilian's traits inheritance, which inherited between individuals without abnormalities. The results of statistical analysis show presence of significance moderate forward correlation between the genotypes of Actinin-3 gene (RR-RX-XX) and the achievement level of the higher levels players in the sport of weightlifting. Also, presence of significance moderate forward correlation between the two genotypes of allele-R (RR and RX) and the level of weightlifting, with no significance differences between homozygous genotype (RR) and heterozygous genotype (RX). Moreover, the results show the presence of differences between genotypes (RR) and (XX) which reflect the dominance of allele (R) on allele (X), where the owners of these two genotypes have muscles stronger and faster than the owners of genotype (XX), which reflect the correlation between (R577R) allele and the higher levels of achievements of the players. So, it can rely on the genotypes (RR) and (RX) in the selection of members of sports depends on the strength and speed significantly.

Abstract: The genetic diversity of Actinin-3 gene (responsible for the formation of proteins association muscle fibers) of the higher levels players in the sport of weightlifting was identified as a function of selection, and to study the relationship between the alternative allele of Actinin-3 gene (R577R) and the level of achievement of the higher levels players in the sport of weightlifting. DNA was analysis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to make amplification of Exon-16 in Actinin-3 gene using two specific DNA primers followed by partial digestion using restriction enzyme (Dde1) specialized to detect alleles of Actinin-3 gene (R577R and R577X). The results of PCR amplification for the target part of Actinin-3 gene were similar in size of amplified fragments which means that, whatever the genotype of this region of the gene, nucleotide changes were not due to loss or gain genetic material in the gene but they were due to the changing nature of the linear sequence (nucleotide substitution) of nucleotides in this region. The partial digestion of the amplified fragments of exon-16 (290 bp) of the homozygous genetic pattern (RR) resulted in two fragments (85 and 205 nucleotides) due to the presence of one cut position. Meanwhile, three fragments were resulted from the homozygous genetic pattern (XX) with size of 86, 97 and 108 nucleotides due to presence of two cut positions. While, the digestion analysis of the heterozygous genetic pattern (RX) resulted in five fragments, three of them were 86, 97 and 108 nucleotides, specialized to style (X), in addition to two fragments (85 and 205 nucleotides) specialized to style (R). The results show that the heterozygous genotype (RX) has the largest percentage rate (50%) in the players sample and the homozygous genotype (RR) ratio reached its presence in the sample (30%), while the genotype (XX) ratio reached its presence in the sample (20%). The distribution of the genotypes (RR-RX-XX) of Actinin-3 gene in the sample was in ratio (1:2:1) which means the heritability of Actinin- 3 gene follows the simple mendilian's traits inheritance, which inherited between individuals without abnormalities. The results of statistical analysis show presence of significance moderate forward correlation between the genotypes of Actinin-3 gene (RR-RX-XX) and the achievement level of the higher levels players in the sport of weightlifting. Also, presence of significance moderate forward correlation between the two genotypes of allele-R (RR and RX) and the level of weightlifting, with no significance differences between homozygous genotype (RR) and heterozygous genotype (RX). Moreover, the results show the presence of differences between genotypes (RR) and (XX) which reflect the dominance of allele (R) on allele (X), where the owners of these two genotypes have muscles stronger and faster than the owners of genotype (XX), which reflect the correlation between (R577R) allele and the higher levels of achievements of the players. So, it can rely on the genotypes (RR) and (RX) in the selection of members of sports depends on the strength and speed significantly.

Abstract: The genetic diversity of Actinin-3 gene (responsible for the formation of proteins association muscle fibers) of the higher levels players in the sport of weightlifting was identified as a function of selection, and to study the relationship between the alternative allele of Actinin-3 gene (R577R) and the level of achievement of the higher levels players in the sport of weightlifting. DNA was analysis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to make amplification of Exon-16 in Actinin-3 gene using two specific DNA primers followed by partial digestion using restriction enzyme (Dde1) specialized to detect alleles of Actinin-3 gene (R577R and R577X). The results of PCR amplification for the target part of Actinin-3 gene were similar in size of amplified fragments which means that, whatever the genotype of this region of the gene, nucleotide changes were not due to loss or gain genetic material in the gene but they were due to the changing nature of the linear sequence (nucleotide substitution) of nucleotides in this region. The partial digestion of the amplified fragments of exon-16 (290 bp) of the homozygous genetic pattern (RR) resulted in two fragments (85 and 205 nucleotides) due to the presence of one cut position. Meanwhile, three fragments were resulted from the homozygous genetic pattern (XX) with size of 86, 97 and 108 nucleotides due to presence of two cut positions. While, the digestion analysis of the heterozygous genetic pattern (RX) resulted in five fragments, three of them were 86, 97 and 108 nucleotides, specialized to style (X), in addition to two fragments (85 and 205 nucleotides) specialized to style (R). The results show that the heterozygous genotype (RX) has the largest percentage rate (50%) in the players sample and the homozygous genotype (RR) ratio reached its presence in the sample (30%), while the genotype (XX) ratio reached its presence in the sample (20%). The distribution of the genotypes (RR-RX-XX) of Actinin-3 gene in the sample was in ratio (1:2:1) which means the heritability of Actinin- 3 gene follows the simple mendilian's traits inheritance, which inherited between individuals without abnormalities. The results of statistical analysis show presence of significance moderate forward correlation between the genotypes of Actinin-3 gene (RR-RX-XX) and the achievement level of the higher levels players in the sport of weightlifting. Also, presence of significance moderate forward correlation between the two genotypes of allele-R (RR and RX) and the level of weightlifting, with no significance differences between homozygous genotype (RR) and heterozygous genotype (RX). Moreover, the results show the presence of differences between genotypes (RR) and (XX) which reflect the dominance of allele (R) on allele (X), where the owners of these two genotypes have muscles stronger and faster than the owners of genotype (XX), which reflect the correlation between (R577R) allele and the higher levels of achievements of the players. So, it can rely on the genotypes (RR) and (RX) in the selection of members of sports depends on the strength and speed significantly.