Abstract Selective insecticide application is one important strategy for more precisely targeting harmful insects while avoiding or mitigating collateral damage to beneficial insects like honey bees. Recently, macrocyclic lactone-class insecticides have been introduced into the market place as selective bio-insecticides for controlling many arthropod pests, but how to target this selectivity only to harmful insects has yet to be achieved. In this study, the authors investigated the acute toxicity of fourmacrocyclic lactone insecticides (commercialized as abamectin, emamectin benzoate, spinetoram, and spinosad) both topically and through feeding studies with adult forager honey bees. Results indicated emamectin benzoate as topically 133.3, 750.0, and 38.3-fold and orally 3.3, 7.6, and 31.7-fold more toxic, respectively than abamectin, spinetoram and spinosad. Using Hazard Quotients for estimates of field toxicity, abamectin was measured as the safest insecticide both topically and orally for honey bees. Moreover, a significant reduction of sugar solution consumption by treatment group honey bees for orally applied emamectin benzoate and spinetoram suggests that these insecticides may have repellent properties.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of some chemical compounds to management rust disease on common bean under greenhouse and field conditions. In vitro, the effect of four chemical compounds, i.e. phosphoric acid at concentrations 0.3 and 0.6%, benzoic acid, Bion® (BTH), and pyrocatechol at concentrations 4 and 8 mM from each, as well as fungicide, Tilt 25%, 0.25 and 0.5 cm3/l water on urediniospores germination of Uromyces appendiculatus was tested on water agar medium. All these compounds decreased the germination of urediniospores percentage. Under greenhouse and field experiments, application of these compounds led to decrease in disease incidence compared to the control treatments. Benzoic acid at 2015 growing seasons was the most effective in reduction of disease incidence more than the other compounds, whereas the disease incidence decreased from 59.92 to 21.43% and from 68.43 to 18.41% under greenhouse and field conditions, respectively.

ABSTRACT The main objective of this paper was to examine the role of agricultural extension and its importance in developing fisheries in Assiut governorate. The paper presents natural fish resources in Egypt and fish farming. It also presents the geographical distribution of fish resources in Assiut governorate. The paper depends on different kinds of data obtained from different sources. Secondary data were obtained from different sources at the national and regional levels. Primary data were obtained from Officials, owners of some fish farms, and fishers through personal interviews. discussion groups organized and held with some fishers in four villages in Assiut governorate to know to know problems of fish production in the governorate. Results showed that several problems were raised by officials, owners of fish farms, and fishers. The results also showed the absence of agricultural extension role in this field in Assiut governorate. Great efforts are needed by the government and the agricultural extension organization to play its role effectively in order to develop fisheries in Assiut governorate.

ABSTRACT The main objective of this paper was to examine the role of agricultural extension and its importance in developing fisheries in Assiut governorate. The paper presents natural fish resources in Egypt and fish farming. It also presents the geographical distribution of fish resources in Assiut governorate. The paper depends on different kinds of data obtained from different sources. Secondary data were obtained from different sources at the national and regional levels. Primary data were obtained from Officials, owners of some fish farms, and fishers through personal interviews. discussion groups organized and held with some fishers in four villages in Assiut governorate to know to know problems of fish production in the governorate. Results showed that several problems were raised by officials, owners of fish farms, and fishers. The results also showed the absence of agricultural extension role in this field in Assiut governorate. Great efforts are needed by the government and the agricultural extension organization to play its role effectively in order to develop fisheries in Assiut governorate.

ABSTRACT The main objective of this paper was to examine the role of agricultural extension and its importance in developing fisheries in Assiut governorate. The paper presents natural fish resources in Egypt and fish farming. It also presents the geographical distribution of fish resources in Assiut governorate. The paper depends on different kinds of data obtained from different sources. Secondary data were obtained from different sources at the national and regional levels. Primary data were obtained from Officials, owners of some fish farms, and fishers through personal interviews. discussion groups organized and held with some fishers in four villages in Assiut governorate to know to know problems of fish production in the governorate. Results showed that several problems were raised by officials, owners of fish farms, and fishers. The results also showed the absence of agricultural extension role in this field in Assiut governorate. Great efforts are needed by the government and the agricultural extension organization to play its role effectively in order to develop fisheries in Assiut governorate.

ABSTRACT The main objective of this paper was to examine the role of agricultural extension and its importance in developing fisheries in Assiut governorate. The paper presents natural fish resources in Egypt and fish farming. It also presents the geographical distribution of fish resources in Assiut governorate. The paper depends on different kinds of data obtained from different sources. Secondary data were obtained from different sources at the national and regional levels. Primary data were obtained from Officials, owners of some fish farms, and fishers through personal interviews. discussion groups organized and held with some fishers in four villages in Assiut governorate to know to know problems of fish production in the governorate. Results showed that several problems were raised by officials, owners of fish farms, and fishers. The results also showed the absence of agricultural extension role in this field in Assiut governorate. Great efforts are needed by the government and the agricultural extension organization to play its role effectively in order to develop fisheries in Assiut governorate.

With avian sperm cryopreservation protocols, the most widely used cryoprotectants (CPAs) are the glycerol (GLY; in gradual freezing: in-straw freezing method), and the dimethylacetamide (DMA; in pellets by plunging into liquid nitrogen: in-pellet rapid freezing method). Use of both methods results in a small portion of thawed live sperm with lesser fertilizing ability compared with the semen samples immediately after collection. This study was conducted to assess the pre-freezing damage occurring to the sperm due to the interaction with the cryoprotectants (CPAs) GLY (8%) and DMA (5%), as well as the post-freezing damage resulting from both freezing methods Data for each treatment, in fresh and frozen-thawed samples, were compared for sperm motility, fertilizing capacity and sperm-egg penetration holes/germinal disc (SP holes/GD). Hens (n = 50) were artificially inseminated (10 hens/treatment) six times with 3 day intervals be-tween inseminations. The treatment of fresh sperm with DMA led to a reduction (P 0.05) in the count of SP holes/GD (21.4) and the fertility rate (66.7%). The addition and elimination of GLY in fresh samples resulted in a lesser (P 0.05) number of SP holes/GD (11.8) and the fertility rate (i.e., 50.0%). The number of SP-holes/GD was least in frozen-thawed samples using both DMA and GLY (14.2 and 9.2, respectively). The fertility rate when using semen frozen with DMA in- pellets was greater (P 0.05) than with use of semen that had been frozen using GLY in straws (46.4% compared with 31.3%). The reduction in fertility compared with the control when semen was cryopreserved using GLY was 64.1%; the GLY addition and elimination was responsible for two thirds of this reduction. The reduction in fertility when using semen cryo-preserved with DMA was 46.7%; half of the reduction was attributed to the treatment with DMA. In conclusion, the mechanical damage attributed to the process for reducing GLY concentrations was more harmful to sperm fertilizing capacity than the toxicity of DMA and freeze/thaw process. For both freezing methods, the amount of sperm cryo-damage was similar, when the damage attributed to the CPA addition and elimination process was excluded

With avian sperm cryopreservation protocols, the most widely used cryoprotectants (CPAs) are the glycerol (GLY; in gradual freezing: in-straw freezing method), and the dimethylacetamide (DMA; in pellets by plunging into liquid nitrogen: in-pellet rapid freezing method). Use of both methods results in a small portion of thawed live sperm with lesser fertilizing ability compared with the semen samples immediately after collection. This study was conducted to assess the pre-freezing damage occurring to the sperm due to the interaction with the cryoprotectants (CPAs) GLY (8%) and DMA (5%), as well as the post-freezing damage resulting from both freezing methods Data for each treatment, in fresh and frozen-thawed samples, were compared for sperm motility, fertilizing capacity and sperm-egg penetration holes/germinal disc (SP holes/GD). Hens (n = 50) were artificially inseminated (10 hens/treatment) six times with 3 day intervals be-tween inseminations. The treatment of fresh sperm with DMA led to a reduction (P 0.05) in the count of SP holes/GD (21.4) and the fertility rate (66.7%). The addition and elimination of GLY in fresh samples resulted in a lesser (P 0.05) number of SP holes/GD (11.8) and the fertility rate (i.e., 50.0%). The number of SP-holes/GD was least in frozen-thawed samples using both DMA and GLY (14.2 and 9.2, respectively). The fertility rate when using semen frozen with DMA in- pellets was greater (P 0.05) than with use of semen that had been frozen using GLY in straws (46.4% compared with 31.3%). The reduction in fertility compared with the control when semen was cryopreserved using GLY was 64.1%; the GLY addition and elimination was responsible for two thirds of this reduction. The reduction in fertility when using semen cryo-preserved with DMA was 46.7%; half of the reduction was attributed to the treatment with DMA. In conclusion, the mechanical damage attributed to the process for reducing GLY concentrations was more harmful to sperm fertilizing capacity than the toxicity of DMA and freeze/thaw process. For both freezing methods, the amount of sperm cryo-damage was similar, when the damage attributed to the CPA addition and elimination process was excluded

Sperm quality is a principal determinant of its fertilizing potency. The current study was conducted in an attempt to link some morphometric measures (sperm and flagellum length) and the concentrations of some ions in seminal plasma on the one hand to sperm swimming velocity on the other hand in three Egyptian local chicken strains (Dandarawi, Sharkasi and Fayoumi). Ten adult males (28 weeks old) from each strain were housed in individual cages. Semen samples were collected twice weekly for a period of 16 weeks. Some physical and chemical characteristics of semen including ejaculate volume (mL), sperm concentration, motility (%), and the concentrations of calcium, potassium, sodium and manganese in seminal plasma were measured. Sperm curve linear velocity (VCL), average path velocity (VAP), straight line velocity (VSL) and straightness (STR) were measured using computer assisted sperm analysis (CASA) software. The lengths of entire sperm, head plus mid-piece and flagellum (µm) were measured using image J software. There were no significant differences among strains in the percentages of total motile sperms and the percentages of sperms demonstrating progressive motility. Ejaculates of Dandarawi roosters had higher sperm concentration/ml (p0.01), greater percentages of rapid swimming sperms (p0.001) and higher values of VCL, VAP and VSL (p0.0001) compared to those of Sharkasi and Fayomi strains. Significant differences were observed in sperm morphometry among the different strains where Dandarawi and Sharkasi had longer sperm and flagellum compared to those of Fayoumi (p0.001). Chemical composition of seminal plasma revealed higher potassium concentrations in Sharkasi samples compared to those of Fayomi (P0.05); while the concentrations in Dandarawi ejaculates were intermediate. In conclusion, Dandarawi sperm showed higher swimming velocity compared to both Sharkasi and Fayomi. Slower sperm velocity can be attributed to shorter flagellum and to higher potassium concentrations in seminal plasma in Fayomi and Sharkasi strains, respectively.

Sperm quality is a principal determinant of its fertilizing potency. The current study was conducted in an attempt to link some morphometric measures (sperm and flagellum length) and the concentrations of some ions in seminal plasma on the one hand to sperm swimming velocity on the other hand in three Egyptian local chicken strains (Dandarawi, Sharkasi and Fayoumi). Ten adult males (28 weeks old) from each strain were housed in individual cages. Semen samples were collected twice weekly for a period of 16 weeks. Some physical and chemical characteristics of semen including ejaculate volume (mL), sperm concentration, motility (%), and the concentrations of calcium, potassium, sodium and manganese in seminal plasma were measured. Sperm curve linear velocity (VCL), average path velocity (VAP), straight line velocity (VSL) and straightness (STR) were measured using computer assisted sperm analysis (CASA) software. The lengths of entire sperm, head plus mid-piece and flagellum (µm) were measured using image J software. There were no significant differences among strains in the percentages of total motile sperms and the percentages of sperms demonstrating progressive motility. Ejaculates of Dandarawi roosters had higher sperm concentration/ml (p0.01), greater percentages of rapid swimming sperms (p0.001) and higher values of VCL, VAP and VSL (p0.0001) compared to those of Sharkasi and Fayomi strains. Significant differences were observed in sperm morphometry among the different strains where Dandarawi and Sharkasi had longer sperm and flagellum compared to those of Fayoumi (p0.001). Chemical composition of seminal plasma revealed higher potassium concentrations in Sharkasi samples compared to those of Fayomi (P0.05); while the concentrations in Dandarawi ejaculates were intermediate. In conclusion, Dandarawi sperm showed higher swimming velocity compared to both Sharkasi and Fayomi. Slower sperm velocity can be attributed to shorter flagellum and to higher potassium concentrations in seminal plasma in Fayomi and Sharkasi strains, respectively.