Normal maize starch samples with moisture contents of 11.24, 6.18, and 1.5% were ground using a fluidized bed jet mill at classifier frequencies of 2400, 3000, 3600, and 4200 to produce micronized starch powder. The changes in structural and functional properties of the starch after jet milling process were studied. The particle size of starch significantly (p 0.05) decreased after jet milling and as the classifier frequency increased. Also, the bulk and tap density decreased; while the specific surface area increased and the flowability of the milled samples became quite poor as the classifier frequency increased. The microscopy analysis showed that the jet milling destroyed the crystalline areas and promoted amorphous areas of starch granules. The micronized starch samples showed significant (p 0.05) increase in the water solubility, swelling power, water and fat holding capacities, and pasting temperature compared with the native starch. However, a decrease in viscosity parameters of starch was found after jet milling and as classifier frequency increased. The initial moisture content of starch showed a slight effect on the functional properties of the micronized starch. The obtained results suggest that modified starch can be produced by fluidized bed jet milling.

Under Egypt conditions sugar beet roots is processed in the factories during the period from the first week of February to Mid of June every year. Whenever, wilting of beet roots carried out at high temperature and low humidity for any cause, which are prevailing during the period from the end of April to Mid of June. So, this work was carried out at laboratories of Delta Sugar Company, Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate, Egypt, as well as Food Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, New Valley Branch, Assuit University during 2017 working season for eight days and replicated four times during the period from 25th April to 6th June.to identify the influencing of wilting degree (the loss% in moisture content of beet roots) postharvest on physiochemical traits, impurities contents and processing efficiency parameters of sugar beet roots. The obtained results revealed that wilting degree of beet root had a significant effect on physical properties of sugar beet juice expressed as total soluble solids %(TSS%), pH value, bulk density (kg/m3) and color of raw juice (Icumsa units); impurities contents of sugar beet,i.e. ɑ-N, K and Na(millieq./100g), and chemical composition of sugar beet roots ,i.e. pol % , reducing sugars% and dextran content as well as processing efficiency parameters of sugar beet roots, i.e. juice purity%, sucrose recovery %, sugar losses% in waste, quality index of beet roots and weight losses % of beet roots. We hope that the above-mentioned results in this work would help understand the changes which take place in sugar beet roots postharvest caused by the wilting, which cause significant economic losses in sugar production and to know the practices that reduce sugar loss during processing. Here, we demonstrate that all sugar beet growers and the processors’ benefit directly when postharvest losses are minimized. The increase in wilting degree of beet roots means make them lose their refreshment and affect negatively sugar extraction during manufacturing in sugar factories.

Under Egypt conditions sugar beet roots is processed in the factories during the period from the first week of February to Mid of June every year. Whenever, wilting of beet roots carried out at high temperature and low humidity for any cause, which are prevailing during the period from the end of April to Mid of June. So, this work was carried out at laboratories of Delta Sugar Company, Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate, Egypt, as well as Food Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, New Valley Branch, Assuit University during 2017 working season for eight days and replicated four times during the period from 25th April to 6th June.to identify the influencing of wilting degree (the loss% in moisture content of beet roots) postharvest on physiochemical traits, impurities contents and processing efficiency parameters of sugar beet roots. The obtained results revealed that wilting degree of beet root had a significant effect on physical properties of sugar beet juice expressed as total soluble solids %(TSS%), pH value, bulk density (kg/m3) and color of raw juice (Icumsa units); impurities contents of sugar beet,i.e. ɑ-N, K and Na(millieq./100g), and chemical composition of sugar beet roots ,i.e. pol % , reducing sugars% and dextran content as well as processing efficiency parameters of sugar beet roots, i.e. juice purity%, sucrose recovery %, sugar losses% in waste, quality index of beet roots and weight losses % of beet roots. We hope that the above-mentioned results in this work would help understand the changes which take place in sugar beet roots postharvest caused by the wilting, which cause significant economic losses in sugar production and to know the practices that reduce sugar loss during processing. Here, we demonstrate that all sugar beet growers and the processors’ benefit directly when postharvest losses are minimized. The increase in wilting degree of beet roots means make them lose their refreshment and affect negatively sugar extraction during manufacturing in sugar factories.

تستهدف هذه الدراسة بصفة عامة إلقاء الضوء علي الدور الذى تلعبه المؤسسات التمويلية في تنمية المشروعات الزراعية في محافظة سوهاج وأوجه القصور والمشاكل التـي صـادفتها هدف التوصل إلي استراتيجية محدده لدعم هذه المؤسسات التمويلية فـي تنميـة المـشروعات الصغيرة في المحافظة موضع الدراسة وغيرها من المحافظات. وقد تبين من نتائج الدراسة أن هناك مؤسستين رئيسيتين حكومية تعمل علي تقديم التمويل اللازم للمشروعات الصغيرة الزراعية منها علي وجه الخصوص ا لصندوق الاجتماعي للتنميـة وصندوق التنمية المحلية وان هذه المؤسسات لعبت دور في تـوفير ر ؤوس الأمـوال اللازمـة لتمويل هذه المشروعات ، حيث بلغ عدد المشرعات التي استفادة من القروض الممنوحة من تلك المؤسسات خلال فترة الدراسة (٢٠٠٩-٢٠١٥ (نحو ١٨٨٥٨الف مشروع وفرت نحو ٣٢٧٣٥ فرصة عمل خلال تلك الفترة ، غير أن مثل هذا الأمر لا يناسب مـع الـدور المـأم ول لهـذه المؤسسات المالية من ناحية والحالة الاقتصادية والاجتماعية لسكان محافظة سـوهاج ، وربمـا يرجع السبب في ذلك لوجود عدد من المشاكل والصعوبات التي توجه المستثمرين والراغبين في إقامة المشروعات الصغيرة سو اء كانت إنتاجية أو تمويلية ، لذي فان الدراسة أوصت بمجموعـة من الت وصيات التي يمكن أن تساعد في زيادة الدور الذي يمكن أن تلعبه المشروعات الـصغيرة بصفة عامة والزراعية بصفة خاصة في خطط التنمية الاقتصادية والاجتماعية بالمحافظة والتـي تساعد علي تشجيع الإفراد علي إقامة المشروعات الـصغيرة فـي محافظـة سـوهاج وكافـة المحافظات المشابهة.

تستهدف هذه الدراسة بصفة عامة إلقاء الضوء علي الدور الذى تلعبه المؤسسات التمويلية في تنمية المشروعات الزراعية في محافظة سوهاج وأوجه القصور والمشاكل التـي صـادفتها هدف التوصل إلي استراتيجية محدده لدعم هذه المؤسسات التمويلية فـي تنميـة المـشروعات الصغيرة في المحافظة موضع الدراسة وغيرها من المحافظات. وقد تبين من نتائج الدراسة أن هناك مؤسستين رئيسيتين حكومية تعمل علي تقديم التمويل اللازم للمشروعات الصغيرة الزراعية منها علي وجه الخصوص ا لصندوق الاجتماعي للتنميـة وصندوق التنمية المحلية وان هذه المؤسسات لعبت دور في تـوفير ر ؤوس الأمـوال اللازمـة لتمويل هذه المشروعات ، حيث بلغ عدد المشرعات التي استفادة من القروض الممنوحة من تلك المؤسسات خلال فترة الدراسة (٢٠٠٩-٢٠١٥ (نحو ١٨٨٥٨الف مشروع وفرت نحو ٣٢٧٣٥ فرصة عمل خلال تلك الفترة ، غير أن مثل هذا الأمر لا يناسب مـع الـدور المـأم ول لهـذه المؤسسات المالية من ناحية والحالة الاقتصادية والاجتماعية لسكان محافظة سـوهاج ، وربمـا يرجع السبب في ذلك لوجود عدد من المشاكل والصعوبات التي توجه المستثمرين والراغبين في إقامة المشروعات الصغيرة سو اء كانت إنتاجية أو تمويلية ، لذي فان الدراسة أوصت بمجموعـة من الت وصيات التي يمكن أن تساعد في زيادة الدور الذي يمكن أن تلعبه المشروعات الـصغيرة بصفة عامة والزراعية بصفة خاصة في خطط التنمية الاقتصادية والاجتماعية بالمحافظة والتـي تساعد علي تشجيع الإفراد علي إقامة المشروعات الـصغيرة فـي محافظـة سـوهاج وكافـة المحافظات المشابهة.

تستهدف هذه الدراسة بصفة عامة إلقاء الضوء علي الدور الذى تلعبه المؤسسات التمويلية في تنمية المشروعات الزراعية في محافظة سوهاج وأوجه القصور والمشاكل التـي صـادفتها هدف التوصل إلي استراتيجية محدده لدعم هذه المؤسسات التمويلية فـي تنميـة المـشروعات الصغيرة في المحافظة موضع الدراسة وغيرها من المحافظات. وقد تبين من نتائج الدراسة أن هناك مؤسستين رئيسيتين حكومية تعمل علي تقديم التمويل اللازم للمشروعات الصغيرة الزراعية منها علي وجه الخصوص ا لصندوق الاجتماعي للتنميـة وصندوق التنمية المحلية وان هذه المؤسسات لعبت دور في تـوفير ر ؤوس الأمـوال اللازمـة لتمويل هذه المشروعات ، حيث بلغ عدد المشرعات التي استفادة من القروض الممنوحة من تلك المؤسسات خلال فترة الدراسة (٢٠٠٩-٢٠١٥ (نحو ١٨٨٥٨الف مشروع وفرت نحو ٣٢٧٣٥ فرصة عمل خلال تلك الفترة ، غير أن مثل هذا الأمر لا يناسب مـع الـدور المـأم ول لهـذه المؤسسات المالية من ناحية والحالة الاقتصادية والاجتماعية لسكان محافظة سـوهاج ، وربمـا يرجع السبب في ذلك لوجود عدد من المشاكل والصعوبات التي توجه المستثمرين والراغبين في إقامة المشروعات الصغيرة سو اء كانت إنتاجية أو تمويلية ، لذي فان الدراسة أوصت بمجموعـة من الت وصيات التي يمكن أن تساعد في زيادة الدور الذي يمكن أن تلعبه المشروعات الـصغيرة بصفة عامة والزراعية بصفة خاصة في خطط التنمية الاقتصادية والاجتماعية بالمحافظة والتـي تساعد علي تشجيع الإفراد علي إقامة المشروعات الـصغيرة فـي محافظـة سـوهاج وكافـة المحافظات المشابهة.

SUMMARY The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of levels yeast supplementation as a natural feed additive on growth performance, carcasses characteristic and some blood metabolites of growing Sohagi lambs. For this purpose, twenty-one Sohagi lambs (27.00±0.75 kg body weight, 6 months old) were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments with seven lambs per treatment. The treatment groups were as follows:(G1) was kept as a control and fed a basal diet consisting of roughage and concentrate mixture. (G2) fed the basal diet supplemented with 0.5 % of yeast culture (YC) (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) to the mixture, while (G3) received the same basal diet supplemented with 1% of YC. All animals were fed 60% of their requirements as concentrate mixture with crushed corn stover given ad libitum. The quantity of concentrate mixture was adjusted every month according to change in body weight. The results indicated that dietary supplementation of YC (0.5 or 1%)did not significantly affect on body weight and daily gain. However, dry matter intake (DMI) of concentrate, roughage and total dry matter intake were significantly (P0.05) higher for lambs fed YC than control. Supplemented YC to lambs rations decreased significantly (P0.05) feed conversion ratio in comparison with the control treatment. Serum glucose and urea nitrogen were increased significantly (P0.05) in YC groups. However, the concentration of triglycerides and cholesterol decreased significantly (p0.05) when feeding YC diets. No differences were observed between treatments for hot carcass and carcass cuts with respect to flank, which recorded higher (p0.05) value for YC groups compared to control. Supplemented YC at level of 0.5% or 1% significantly (P0.05) increased dry matter and fat in meat compared with control groups. Water-holding capacity was significantly (P0.05) lower for YC groups than control. It was concluded that caring of animal management led to improvement productive performance of sheep, blood metabolites and carcass characteristics via dietary yeast supplementation. Also, YC may be more useful as a feed additive for growing lambs rations.

SUMMARY The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of levels yeast supplementation as a natural feed additive on growth performance, carcasses characteristic and some blood metabolites of growing Sohagi lambs. For this purpose, twenty-one Sohagi lambs (27.00±0.75 kg body weight, 6 months old) were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments with seven lambs per treatment. The treatment groups were as follows:(G1) was kept as a control and fed a basal diet consisting of roughage and concentrate mixture. (G2) fed the basal diet supplemented with 0.5 % of yeast culture (YC) (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) to the mixture, while (G3) received the same basal diet supplemented with 1% of YC. All animals were fed 60% of their requirements as concentrate mixture with crushed corn stover given ad libitum. The quantity of concentrate mixture was adjusted every month according to change in body weight. The results indicated that dietary supplementation of YC (0.5 or 1%)did not significantly affect on body weight and daily gain. However, dry matter intake (DMI) of concentrate, roughage and total dry matter intake were significantly (P0.05) higher for lambs fed YC than control. Supplemented YC to lambs rations decreased significantly (P0.05) feed conversion ratio in comparison with the control treatment. Serum glucose and urea nitrogen were increased significantly (P0.05) in YC groups. However, the concentration of triglycerides and cholesterol decreased significantly (p0.05) when feeding YC diets. No differences were observed between treatments for hot carcass and carcass cuts with respect to flank, which recorded higher (p0.05) value for YC groups compared to control. Supplemented YC at level of 0.5% or 1% significantly (P0.05) increased dry matter and fat in meat compared with control groups. Water-holding capacity was significantly (P0.05) lower for YC groups than control. It was concluded that caring of animal management led to improvement productive performance of sheep, blood metabolites and carcass characteristics via dietary yeast supplementation. Also, YC may be more useful as a feed additive for growing lambs rations.

SUMMARY This study was accomplished to designed to assess the appropriate concentrate: roughage ratio (C:R) ratio for better nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation patterns, healthy and economic beef production in Egyptian buffalo calves. Sixteen buffalo calves aged about 18-20 months of 292.5±4.7 kg average body weight were randomly assigned into four groups of 4 animal each. The treatment diets were composed of four concentrate: roughage (C:R) ratios (80:20, A; 75:25, B; 60:40, C; 55:45, D). The results revealed that increasing in the proportion of concentrate in the diet significantly (p 0.05) increased the digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), ether extract (EE), nitrogen free extract (NFE) and the total digestible nutrients. Ruminal concentration of both volatile fatty acids (VFA) and ammonia nitrogen were increased linearly with increasing the dietary concentrate portion (60, 75, 80), however the rumen pH were decreased (P0.01) with increasing the concentrate level in the diet. In addition, increasing the concentrate proportion increased the dry matter intake of feed, average daily gain, final body weight; feed cost per kg body weight. Serum, glucose, and acute phase protein were increased by increasing the dietary concentrate portion. Feeding diet containing 60% concentrate showed better performance and economic per kg body weight gain when comparing diet containing (75 %, 80 %) concentrates levels. This study suggested that the diet consisting of 60: 40 concentrate: roughage ratio could be considered as the optimum diet for growing buffalo calves for better performance, efficient feed utilization, economic feed efficiency and low risk of sub-acute ruminal acidosis.

SUMMARY This study was accomplished to designed to assess the appropriate concentrate: roughage ratio (C:R) ratio for better nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation patterns, healthy and economic beef production in Egyptian buffalo calves. Sixteen buffalo calves aged about 18-20 months of 292.5±4.7 kg average body weight were randomly assigned into four groups of 4 animal each. The treatment diets were composed of four concentrate: roughage (C:R) ratios (80:20, A; 75:25, B; 60:40, C; 55:45, D). The results revealed that increasing in the proportion of concentrate in the diet significantly (p 0.05) increased the digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), ether extract (EE), nitrogen free extract (NFE) and the total digestible nutrients. Ruminal concentration of both volatile fatty acids (VFA) and ammonia nitrogen were increased linearly with increasing the dietary concentrate portion (60, 75, 80), however the rumen pH were decreased (P0.01) with increasing the concentrate level in the diet. In addition, increasing the concentrate proportion increased the dry matter intake of feed, average daily gain, final body weight; feed cost per kg body weight. Serum, glucose, and acute phase protein were increased by increasing the dietary concentrate portion. Feeding diet containing 60% concentrate showed better performance and economic per kg body weight gain when comparing diet containing (75 %, 80 %) concentrates levels. This study suggested that the diet consisting of 60: 40 concentrate: roughage ratio could be considered as the optimum diet for growing buffalo calves for better performance, efficient feed utilization, economic feed efficiency and low risk of sub-acute ruminal acidosis.