Contamination by spent engine oil represents a significant global environmental challenge as it poses a major hazard to human health, animals, plants, microorganisms, the soil ecosystem, and aquatic ecosystems. This study assumes that some amendments differ significantly in their ability to degrade petroleum hydrocarbons. Therefore, this incubation study was conducted to investigate the effect of different types of inorganic and organic amendments (zeolite, bone char, banana leaves biochar, and wood chips biochar) on carbon emissions (CO₂-C) and the kinetics of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHC) degradation in artificial petroleum-contaminated soil. These amendments were added to the soil under study at a dose of 3% (w/w). At the end of the incubation period, applying zeolite, bone char, banana leaves biochar, and wood chips biochar to artificial petroleum-contaminated soil significantly reduced cumulative CO₂-C emissions compared to the control. The banana leaves biochar significantly decreased TPHC concentrations in artificial petroleum-contaminated soil compared to the control treatment. At the end of the incubation period, adding banana leaves biochar to the soil showed high degradation efficiencies of TPHC which was 36% higher than soil before incubation. The effectiveness of applying amendments used in this experiment on the degradation of TPHC increase was in the order of banana leaves biochar > bone char > wood chips biochar > control > zeolite. The second-order model described the kinetics of total petroleum hydrocarbons better than the first-order model. Banana leaves biochar added to the soil resulted in a significant increase in the degradation rate constant of total petroleum hydrocarbons (k₂) compared with the control. A higher k₂ value indicates that TPHC degrades more rapidly. The half-life of TPHC degradation in the soil was decreased significantly by adding banana leaves biochar. According to the second-order equation, the half-lives of control, zeolite, bone char, banana leaves biochar, and wood chips biochar were 4.0, 5.3, 2.7, 1.0, and 3.6 years, respectively. The banana leaves biochar amendment might be cheaper and more environmentally friendly than other organic amendments because it has the high potential for carbon sequestration and remediate petroleum-contaminated soil, which would increase the sustainable use of petroleum-contaminated soil leading to preserving the environment.

Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) is an important vegetable crop worldwide. In   this study, response of Cabbage crop (cv. Korsina) to five different (animal, poultry, plant, plant + animal, poultry + animal) organic manure treatments as compared to the chemical fertilization (control) was evaluated under field conditions in two consecutive seasons of    2019/2020 and 2020/2021. The aim of the experiments was to determine the best organic fertilizer (manure) option (whether plant, animal, poultry) for better growth and head yield   of cabbage, and to determine the best organic combination on cabbage growth. Various    vegetative parameters were measured including head length with and without wrapper      leaves, stem length, inner and outer stem diameters, and total head yield. The results of  our study showed that some vegetative growth parameters such as stem length, and inner and outer stem diameters were significantly enhanced by the different manure treatments. Cabbage plants fertilized with plant manure had the highest mean values of total head       yield. The second best treatment for enhancing total head yield of cabbage was the mixture of plant and animal manure fertilizer. We conclude that plant manure can be used either alone or in combination with animal manure for growing the studied cabbage         cultivar.

A field experiment was carried out during the two consecutive winter seasons of 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 in the Experimental Farm, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Aswan University, Egypt. The objective of study was to evaluate the response of five garlic genotypes, (Egaseed1, Sids40, Clone 3, Clone 4 and Clone 5) to the foliar application of chitosan (0 , 1.5 , 2 and 2.5 cm/L).
The results showed that the highest leave number was obtained by Clone 4 and Clone 5 in both seasons respectively. Whereas the highest leave number was obtained by control and 1.5 cm/L respectively. Through highest plant was Clone 3, Clone 5 respectively. While the highest plants were obtained by 1.5 cm/L. The highest fresh and cured yield ton / fed were obtained by Clone 4 and Clone 5 in both seasons respectively. While the highest fresh and cured yield ton / fed were obtained by 2 cm/L and control respectively. Meanwhile the highest Garlic bulb diameter after curing was obtained by Clone 5 and sids40 in both seasons respectively. While the highest Garlic bulb diameter after curing was obtained by 2cm/L. Meantime highest Average clove weight after curing was obtained by Clone 3 and sids40 respectively. While highest Average clove weight after curing was obtained by 2 cm/L and control respectively. Meanwhile highest T.S.S after curing was Egaseed1, Clone 4 respectively. While the highest T.S.S after curing was obtained by 2.5 cm/L respectively. Meanwhile lowest Weight loss percentage after curing was sids40, Clone 5 respectively. While the lowest Weight loss percentage after curing was obtained by 2cm/L and 2.5 cm/L respectively.

Two experiments were conducted to study the effect of two seedling dates
and foliar application of Algae extract, Moringa extract, fulvic acid and Mepiquat
chloride on some growth and fruit productivity of cucumber plants (Cucumis
sativus L.) cv. barracuda at private farm in "Awlad Al-Sharif" village in Dirout
city, Assiut Governorate, Egypt. Two experiments were conducted during the
successive seasons of 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 inside greenhouses. Spraying
cucumber plants was done with two concentrations three weeks after seedling two
times at 15 day intervals each. The experiment was laid out in Randomized
Complete Block Design (RCBD) with a split-plot arrangement in three
replications. Seedling dates were assigned in the main plot and foliar application
(with two concentrations) was arranged in sub-plot.

Results indicate that planting cucumber seedlings early in November under
protected agricultural systems leads to significant effect on all traits under the
study except fruit length and fruit diameter compared to the second seeding date,
respectively. All foliar application treatments and their interactions gave highly
response in all traits especially the high concentration of algae (3 g/m3) and fulvic
(3 g/m3) compared with other treatments.

Recycling slaughterhouse waste such as bone and converting it into bone char is a promising environmentally friendly, lowcost strategy in a circular economy and an important source of phosphorus. Therefore, this review focused on the impacts of bone char on the availability, dynamics, and transformations of phosphorus in soils as well as plant growth and utilizing bone char in remediating contaminated soils by heavy metals. Bone char is material produced through bone pyrolysis under limited oxygen at 300–1050 °C. Bone char applications to the soils significantly increased phosphorus availability and plant growth. Agricultural practices such as co-applying organic acids or sulfur or nitrogen fertilizers with bone char in some soils played an important role in enhanced phosphorus availability. Also, co-applying bone char with phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms enhanced plant growth and phosphorus availability in the soils. Applying bone char to the soils changed the dynamics and redistribution of phosphorous fractions, enhanced fertility, promoted crop growth and productivity, reduced heavy metals uptake by plants in contaminated soil, and decreased heavy metals bioavailability. Bone char has shown positive performance in remediating soils contaminated by heavy metals. Bone char proved its efficiency in sustainable agriculture and practical applications as an alternative source of phosphate fertilizers, it is safe, cheap and helps in remediating contaminated soils by heavy metals. Using bone char as a slow-release fertilizer is potentially beneficial because it reduces the hazard of excessive fertilizing and nutrient leaching which have negative impacts on the ecosystem.
 

Boron nanoparticles (BNs) have been used to enhance the quality of pomegranate fruits, but high sodium (Na + ) concentrations in the plant tissues cause oxidative stress and lessen the impact of BNs. The current study aims to study the mechanism of reducing Na + uptake by pomegranate trees through adding biochar rich in macronutrients (MNB) such as potassium (K) and calcium (Ca), which makes BNs spraying more effective in improving the fruit quality. Pomegranate trees planted in a sandy soil and irrigated with saline water (6.18 dS m 1 uptake sprayed with BNs (0, 25, 50, 100 mg L 1 ). MNB was added to the soil at the doses of 0 or 5 kg tree 1 ) were . A two- season field experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with five replications. In comparison to the control, MNB resulted in a 14 and 17% increase in soil organic carbon and CEC, respectively. MNB increased the soil’s available N, P, Ca, and K by 25, 23, 20, and 20%, and increased the uptake of these nutrients by 20, 40, 11, and 19% as compared with the control treatment. MNB and BNs significantly increased the fruit yield and quality compared to the control. MNB significantly increased the K + /Na and 59%, respectively, while significantly reducing the leaf-Na + + and Ca ++ /Na + ratios by 69 by 30%. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were mitigated by MNB, which also strengthened antioxidant defences and increased the plant’s ability to produce chlorophyll. The foliar spray of BNs significantly increased the leaf-chlorophyll, soluble carbohydrates, relative water content, and proline in pomegranate plants. BNs and MNB significantly reduced the fruit cracking, and improved the quality characteristics, i.e., vitamin C, anthocyanin, and total sugar. The efficiency of BNs in decreasing the negative effects of salt stress on pomegranate productivity was improved by the soil application of MNB. The use of foliar spraying with BNs alone is not advised; instead, an integrated parenteral management strategy that relies on the addition of organic amendments, such as macronutrient-rich biochar, to the arid degraded soils, is required, especially under saline conditions.   

Banana is one of the plants with low salt tolerance and raising its ability to withstand salt stress contributes to increasing its production. Silicon (Si) is one of the important elements in increasing the salt stress resistance in plants. Therefore, Si-rich biochar has been suggested to improve the salt resistance of Williams (WL) and Grand Nain (GN) banana cultivars. Water salinity (tap water, 2, 4, and 6 dS m⁻¹) and Si-rich biochar with low (LSiB) or high rate (HSiB) in a pot experiment were studied. Si-rich biochar significantly mitigated the salt stress and improved the growth of WL and GN banana cultivars. Si-rich biochar was effective in enhancing chlorophyll, carotenoids, calcium (Ca⁺⁺) and potassium (K⁺) in banana leaves. HSiB was more effective than LSiB in mitigating the accumulation of sodium (Na⁺) in the plant leaves. HSiB raised the phenolic, carbohydrate, and proline in WL leaf tissues by 35, 49, and 14%, while these increases were 20%, 44%, and 21% in the case of GN cultivar. Banana leaves exposed to salt stress had higher levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), while Si-rich biochar reduced those levels. Antioxidant enzymes activity were raised by salt stress, and HSiB performed better than LSiB at boosting antioxidant enzyme activity. The production of osmo-protectants such as phenols, carbohydras, and proline were higher in the banana plants treated with HSiB compared to LSiB ones. Si-rich biochar mitigated the salt stress by increasing the uptake of Ca and K, improving the antioxidant defense, and enhancing the production of combatable solutes.