The thermal degradation and corresponding decomposition products of fresh and heat-treated soybean oil were investigated by synchronous thermal analyzer combined with Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and quadrupole mass spectrometry (STA–FTIR–QMS). Two longtime heat-treated soybean oil samples were aforehand prepared by consistently heating the fresh soybean oil for 50 and 100 h, respectively. N2 and simulative air (N2/O2 = 4:1, volume) were used as the thermal reaction gas atmosphere. The results showed that one stage of mass loss appeared in analysis of the all oil samples under N2 atmosphere condition and longtime heat pre-treatment had no effect on the thermal behavior of the soybean oil under N2 atmosphere condition. However, four stages occurred in analysis of both untreated and heat-treated oil samples under the simulative air atmosphere condition. Longtime heat pre-treatment influenced the thermal behavior of the soybean oil in certain extent, which was reflected in the different mass loss values of the four stages. According to the infrared absorption profiles and MS spectra of the released compounds in vapor phase, H2O, CO, CO2, hydrocarbons (such as CH4), and hydroxyl, carbonyl, and carboxyl-contained compounds have been confirmed. Therefore, STA–FTIR–QMS can be suggested as a promising technique for investigating of thermal degradation and monitoring the decomposition products of the evolving substances in edible oils.

Year to year obesity prevalence, reduced physical activities, bad habits/or stressful lifestyle, and other environmental and physiological impacts leading to increase of diseases such as coronary heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes and hypertension worldwide. Hypertension is considered as one of the most common serious chronic diseases; however, discovery of medications with high efficacy and without side effects for treatment of patients remains a challenge to scientists. Recent trends in the functional foods have evidenced that food bioactive proteins play a major role in the concepts of illness and curing: therefore, nutritionists, biomedical scientists, and food scientists are working together to develop improved systems for discovery of peptides with increased potency and therapeutic benefits. This review presents the recent research carried out to date for purposes of isolation and identification of bioactive hydrolyzates and peptides with angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity and antihypertensive effect from animal, marine, microbial and plant food proteins. Effects of food processing and hydrolyzation conditions as well as some other impacts on formation, activity and stability of these hydrolyzates and peptides are also presented.

 In the 21st century, climate changes, water scarcity, increasing world population, rising food prices, and other socioeconomic impacts are expected to generate a great threat to agriculture and food security worldwide, especially for the poorest people who live in arid and subarid regions. These impacts present a challenge to scientists and nutritionists to investigate the possibilities of producing, processing, and utilizing other potential food sources to end hunger and poverty. Cereal grains are the most important source of the world's food and have a significant role in the human diet throughout the world. As one of the most important drought-resistant crops, millet is widely grown in the semiarid tropics of Africa and Asia and constitutes a major source of carbohydrates and proteins for people living in these areas. In addition, because of their important contribution to national food security and potential health benefits, millet grain is now receiving increasing interest from food scientists, technologists, and nutritionists. The aim of this work was to review the recent advances in research carried out to date for purposes of evaluation of nutritional quality and potential health benefits of millet grains. Processing technologies used for improving the edible and nutritional characteristics of millet as well as challenges, limitations, and future perspectives to promote millet utilization as food for a large and growing population are also discussed.

This study was to investigate the influence of housing system on ewe’s reproductive performance. Ninety five Farafra ewes were randomly assigned to six groups raised under six housing system, the housing types differed mainly in the type and highest of roofs, as follow 1) Semi open type house shaded with asbestos sheets (AS); 2) Semi open type house shaded with straw earth floors (S); 3) a close type shaded with single asbestos roof at 3 m height (single low type, SL); 4) a close type shaded with single asbestos roof at 5 m height (single high type, SH); 5) a close type shaded with double asbestos roofs at 3 and 3.5 m height for two roofs, respectively (double low type, DL); 6) a close type shaded with double asbestos roofs at 5 and 5.5 m height for two roofs, respectively (double high type, DH). Ewes were mated in May and lambing during October. Conception rate and embryonic mortality during mating season were determined using sonar on the 25th, 45th and 75th days after mating. Estrus duration length, number of ewes exhibited estrus, and weight at lambing was recorded and pregnancy period was calculated. ewes in closed houses had higher conception rate than that of semi open. No loss in embryos was detected in closed housing system as compared with two cases of loss in each of AS and S housing types. About 65.2 % of the total ewes had an estrus period length 24 hrs. to less than 36 hrs. Also, 20 and 21.05 % of ewes in AS and S houses had an estrus period length more than 36 hrs. About 3.3 % of total ewes had an estrus period length of 48 hours and more. Ewes in semi open houses (AS and S) represented about 66.7 % (2 from 3 ewes) of total number that showed the highest estrus period length (48 hours and more). Ewes in semi open types (AS and S) had higher number of service per conception than those in closed houses DL, DH, SL and SH (1.54 and 1.41 vs. 1.08, 1.14, 1.21 and 1.27, respectively). No significant influence of roof type or height on gestation length of ewes.

This study was to investigate the influence of housing system on ewe’s reproductive performance. Ninety five Farafra ewes were randomly assigned to six groups raised under six housing system, the housing types differed mainly in the type and highest of roofs, as follow 1) Semi open type house shaded with asbestos sheets (AS); 2) Semi open type house shaded with straw earth floors (S); 3) a close type shaded with single asbestos roof at 3 m height (single low type, SL); 4) a close type shaded with single asbestos roof at 5 m height (single high type, SH); 5) a close type shaded with double asbestos roofs at 3 and 3.5 m height for two roofs, respectively (double low type, DL); 6) a close type shaded with double asbestos roofs at 5 and 5.5 m height for two roofs, respectively (double high type, DH). Ewes were mated in May and lambing during October. Conception rate and embryonic mortality during mating season were determined using sonar on the 25th, 45th and 75th days after mating. Estrus duration length, number of ewes exhibited estrus, and weight at lambing was recorded and pregnancy period was calculated. ewes in closed houses had higher conception rate than that of semi open. No loss in embryos was detected in closed housing system as compared with two cases of loss in each of AS and S housing types. About 65.2 % of the total ewes had an estrus period length 24 hrs. to less than 36 hrs. Also, 20 and 21.05 % of ewes in AS and S houses had an estrus period length more than 36 hrs. About 3.3 % of total ewes had an estrus period length of 48 hours and more. Ewes in semi open houses (AS and S) represented about 66.7 % (2 from 3 ewes) of total number that showed the highest estrus period length (48 hours and more). Ewes in semi open types (AS and S) had higher number of service per conception than those in closed houses DL, DH, SL and SH (1.54 and 1.41 vs. 1.08, 1.14, 1.21 and 1.27, respectively). No significant influence of roof type or height on gestation length of ewes.

This study was to investigate the influence of housing system on lamb semen characteristics. Forty- eight Farafra ram lambs with an average weight of 19 kg and 4-5 months of age were used during summer. Ram lambs were randomly divided into six groups and housed under six housing systems, they are differed mainly in the type and highest of roofs, as follow: 1) Semi open type house shaded with asbestos sheets (AS); 2) Semi open type house shaded with straw earth floors (S); 3) a close type shaded with single asbestos roof at 3 m height (single low type, SL); 4) a close type shaded with single asbestos roof at 5 m height (single high type, SH); 5) a close type shaded with double asbestos roofs at 3 and 3.5 m height for two roofs, respectively (double low type, DL); 6) a close type shaded with double asbestos roofs at 5 and 5.5 m height for two roofs, respectively (double high type, DH).. The experiment period lasted for 5-6 months. Semen was collected and evaluated for determination of volume, mass movement, pH, sperm concentration, live and dead sperm, abnormal spermatozoa and semen index. All results were analyzed using GLM procedure of SAS. Ram lambs in closed houses had higher sperm concentration per ejaculate, sperm concentration per ml, sperm motility and live sperm concentration than those in semi open one. Also, Ram lambs in closed houses had lower abnormal spermatozoa than those in semi open one

This study was to investigate the influence of housing system on lamb semen characteristics. Forty- eight Farafra ram lambs with an average weight of 19 kg and 4-5 months of age were used during summer. Ram lambs were randomly divided into six groups and housed under six housing systems, they are differed mainly in the type and highest of roofs, as follow: 1) Semi open type house shaded with asbestos sheets (AS); 2) Semi open type house shaded with straw earth floors (S); 3) a close type shaded with single asbestos roof at 3 m height (single low type, SL); 4) a close type shaded with single asbestos roof at 5 m height (single high type, SH); 5) a close type shaded with double asbestos roofs at 3 and 3.5 m height for two roofs, respectively (double low type, DL); 6) a close type shaded with double asbestos roofs at 5 and 5.5 m height for two roofs, respectively (double high type, DH).. The experiment period lasted for 5-6 months. Semen was collected and evaluated for determination of volume, mass movement, pH, sperm concentration, live and dead sperm, abnormal spermatozoa and semen index. All results were analyzed using GLM procedure of SAS. Ram lambs in closed houses had higher sperm concentration per ejaculate, sperm concentration per ml, sperm motility and live sperm concentration than those in semi open one. Also, Ram lambs in closed houses had lower abnormal spermatozoa than those in semi open one

This study was to investigate the influence of housing system on lamb puberty. Forty- eight Farafra ram lambs with an average weight of 19 kg and 4-5 months of age were used during summer. Ram lambs were randomly divided into six groups and housed under six housing systems, they are differed mainly in the type and height of roofs, as follow: 1) Semi open type house shaded with asbestos sheets (AS); 2) Semi open type house shaded with straw earth floors (S); 3) a close type shaded with single asbestos roof at 3 m height (single low type, SL); 4) a close type shaded with single asbestos roof at 5 m height (single high type, SH); 5) a close type shaded with double asbestos roofs at 3 and 3.5 m height for two roofs, respectively (double low type, DL); 6) a close type shaded with double asbestos roofs at 5 and 5.5 m height for two roofs, respectively (double high type, DH).. The experiment period lasted for 5-6 months. Ram lambs were tested for libido (first mounting without erection, first mounting with erection and first collected ejaculate containing motile sperm, puberty) at 8:00 am to 9:00 am daily until puberty. Testis measurements, scrotal circumference, testis length, and volume of the testes were recorded monthly during the experimental period. Age and weight at first mounting without erection, first mounting with erection and age at first collected ejaculate containing motile sperm (puberty) was recorded. Blood samples were collected for determination of serum testosterone. All results were analyzed using GLM procedure of SAS. Average age and weight of growing ram lambs at first mounting without erection, at first mounting with erection and at first ejaculation with spermatozoa (puberty) were (199.08 days and 26.42 kg), (250.92 days and 33.00 kg) and (288.00 days and 37.29 kg), respectively. Among puberty stages, ram lambs in closed houses (DL and DH) had significantly lower age at first mounting without erection than that in semi open types (AS and S). Also, ram lambs in closed houses had significantly lower age at first mounting with erection and age at puberty than those in semi open one. Ram lambs in closed houses had significantly higher testicular volume, right and left testis length and scrotal circumference means than those in semi open one. With the advancement of age, ram lambs in closed houses had significantly higher testicular volume, right and left testis length and scrotal circumference means than those in semi open one. Serum testosterone levels of ram lambs increased gradually with advancing of age until attainment of puberty (369.56 ng/dl). Ram lambs in closed houses had higher average serum testosterone levels than that in semi open houses (AS and S). Among puberty stages, housing systems had no significant effect on serum testosterone levels of ram lambs in the first mounting stage. Whereas, in the first mounting with erection stage, and in the first ejaculation (puberty) serum testosterone levels of ram lambs were significantly higher in closed houses than those in semi open one. In conclusion, closed houses, particularly that with high and double roof during hot months may enhance puberty of ram lambs

This study was to investigate the influence of housing system on lamb puberty. Forty- eight Farafra ram lambs with an average weight of 19 kg and 4-5 months of age were used during summer. Ram lambs were randomly divided into six groups and housed under six housing systems, they are differed mainly in the type and height of roofs, as follow: 1) Semi open type house shaded with asbestos sheets (AS); 2) Semi open type house shaded with straw earth floors (S); 3) a close type shaded with single asbestos roof at 3 m height (single low type, SL); 4) a close type shaded with single asbestos roof at 5 m height (single high type, SH); 5) a close type shaded with double asbestos roofs at 3 and 3.5 m height for two roofs, respectively (double low type, DL); 6) a close type shaded with double asbestos roofs at 5 and 5.5 m height for two roofs, respectively (double high type, DH).. The experiment period lasted for 5-6 months. Ram lambs were tested for libido (first mounting without erection, first mounting with erection and first collected ejaculate containing motile sperm, puberty) at 8:00 am to 9:00 am daily until puberty. Testis measurements, scrotal circumference, testis length, and volume of the testes were recorded monthly during the experimental period. Age and weight at first mounting without erection, first mounting with erection and age at first collected ejaculate containing motile sperm (puberty) was recorded. Blood samples were collected for determination of serum testosterone. All results were analyzed using GLM procedure of SAS. Average age and weight of growing ram lambs at first mounting without erection, at first mounting with erection and at first ejaculation with spermatozoa (puberty) were (199.08 days and 26.42 kg), (250.92 days and 33.00 kg) and (288.00 days and 37.29 kg), respectively. Among puberty stages, ram lambs in closed houses (DL and DH) had significantly lower age at first mounting without erection than that in semi open types (AS and S). Also, ram lambs in closed houses had significantly lower age at first mounting with erection and age at puberty than those in semi open one. Ram lambs in closed houses had significantly higher testicular volume, right and left testis length and scrotal circumference means than those in semi open one. With the advancement of age, ram lambs in closed houses had significantly higher testicular volume, right and left testis length and scrotal circumference means than those in semi open one. Serum testosterone levels of ram lambs increased gradually with advancing of age until attainment of puberty (369.56 ng/dl). Ram lambs in closed houses had higher average serum testosterone levels than that in semi open houses (AS and S). Among puberty stages, housing systems had no significant effect on serum testosterone levels of ram lambs in the first mounting stage. Whereas, in the first mounting with erection stage, and in the first ejaculation (puberty) serum testosterone levels of ram lambs were significantly higher in closed houses than those in semi open one. In conclusion, closed houses, particularly that with high and double roof during hot months may enhance puberty of ram lambs