Root rot and wilt disease complex were detected in several guava, lemon and olive transplant nurseries
and new orchards at El-Kharga, Baris, ballet, El-Dakhla and El-Farafrah districts, the New Valley
Governorate, Egypt. The average percentage of root rot/wilt incidence and severity in surveying
districts were 37.7, 26.5%in guava; 41.7, 34.0%;in lemon and 41.2, 29.5% in olive transplants,
respectively. The most frequently isolated fungi from rotted roots of the guava, lemon and olive
transplants were Fusarium oxysporum, F. solani, Macrophomina phaseolina and Rhizoctonia solani. In
pathogenicity tests, all the tested fungi were pathogenic to guava, lemon and olive transplants. The
effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) individually and/or mixed when used as a soil
drench treatment were varied in reducing root rot/ wilt incidence and severity under greenhouse
conditions compared with control. The mixed of PGPR gave the highest protection against root rot/wilt
diseases compared with the use of PGPR individually. All treatments significantly increased plant
height (cm), number of leaves transplanting-1, leaf area (cm2), fresh and dry weights transplanting-1
(gm) compared with control treatment.

Five fungal isolates were isolated from infected tomato seedlings showing damping-off which collected from several tomato nurseries of Assiut and New Valley Governorates, Egypt. These isolates were Rhizoctonia solani Kühn, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici Schlechtendahl, Fusarium semitectum Berk. & Rav., Setosphaeria rostrata Leonard and Alternaria alternata (Fries) Keisler. Also, six tomato cultivars and hybred, namely Castle Rock, Super marmande, Super Strain B, Enz 10F1, 0240F1 and Dream Hybrid were evaluated for their susceptibility to damping-off disease. All tested tomato cultivars were susceptible to damping-off disease, Castle Rock cv. showed the highest percentage of pre and post emergence damping-off disease severity followed by Super marmande and Super Strain B cvs. then Dream Hybrid and Enz 10F1 Hybrid. 0240 F1 Hybrid gave the lowest ones. Each tested tomato cultivars showed higher amount of total phenolic and total protein content in infected plants with the tested pathogenic fungal isolates than uninfected plants (control). The highest amount of total phenol and total protein was found in infected plant of tomato Enz 10F1. followed by 0240F1. while the lowest amount of total phenol and total protein were found in infected plant of castel Roke. then super marmande.

The biological control agents of endophytic actinomycetes was investigated
to determine whether control of bacterial speck of tomato, caused by Pseudomonas
syringae pv. tomato (Pst). From natural infected tomato leaves showing bacterial
speck disease symptoms, six isolates of Pst (Pst1, Pst2, Pst 3, Pst4, Pst5,
and Pst DC3000) were isolated, it proved to be pathogenic and able to infect tomato
plants under greenhouse condition, causing speck disease symptoms. From
the eighty eight isolates of endophytic actinomycetes recovered from healthy tomato
leaves plants, nine isolates were selected and tested for their potential inhibition
against bacterial tomato speck disease in vitro and in vivo. According
to16SrDNA analysis the isolates TR-24 and TR-26 of isolated actinomyces
proved to be Streptomyces glaucescens. While the isolates TR-20, TR-32 and
TR-34 were identified as Streptomyces graminisoli and isolates TR-25 identified
as Streptomyces flavovirens as well as isolates TR-33 and TR-35 were identified
as Streptomyces scabies. Finally isolate TR-36 was identified as Streptomyces
roseochromogenus. Application of nine isolates of Streptomyces by spraying or
drenching methods, all Streptomyces isolates were able to reduce disease severity
of bacterial speck compared to infected control. Minutely, the spore suspensions
of TR-24 and TR-26 isolates gave the highest reduction of the disease severity.
However, the lowest reduction was achieved by isolate TR-35 compared with
other Streptomyces isolates.

One of the most fatal diseases that harm Allium species is purple blotch, which is brought on by Alternaria porri. As the disease's severity rises, crop production may decrease. In this study, 12 isolates of A.porri exhibiting purple blotch symptoms have been isolated from diseased onion plants. Sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) allowed for the identification of the isolate that was the most virulent and caused a disease severity of 85.93%. Under greenhouse and field growing conditions, the efficiency of two bio-agents, Trichoderma asperellum T34 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae AUMC 10203, as well as three doses (50, 25, and 12.5 ppm) of their green-synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against purple blotch disease was assessed. For avoiding or treating purple blotch disease in onion plants, it has been demonstrated that the T.asperellum T34 spore suspension was the most effective resulting in a 76% reduction in disease severity. The spore suspension of S. cerevisiae and a 50-ppm dosage of AgNPs were the top contenders for T. asperellum. When compared to the control plants, the plants treated with bio-agents and AgNPs showed a significant decline in disease incidence and disease severity. Additionally, improvements were made to the broadness of inflorescences, the number of flowers and seeds, the weight of seeds per inflorescence, and the seed productivity.Therefore, it is recommended in this study to use T. asperellum T34 spore suspension as a potent bio-agent to manage the symptoms of purple blotch on onions.

This study aimed to evaluate the bio-agent formulations of Trichoderma harzianum, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa for the protection of lupine plants against wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lupini. T. harzianum isolate (T1), P. aeruginosa isolate (P1) and B. subtilis isolate (B3) were the most effective ones in reducing the growth of F. oxysporum f. sp. lupini in vitro. Consequently, these isolates were used as bio-agent to control wilt on lupine plants in greenhouse experiments. The bio-agent isolates administered in the form of cells in broth media, powdered cells, and immobilized cells on sawdust as formulations were tested for their abilities to control lupine wilt in a greenhouse compared to Captan fungicide. Soil treatments with the three bio-agent formulations (broth medium or cells powder and sawdust) showed a markedly great reduction in wilt disease severity. Although all the formulations reduced the wilt disease severity compared to the water treatment, using the cells powder formulation of bio-agent reduced the wilt severity more than broth medium and sawdust formulations. In all formulations, T. harzianum (T1) exhibited the highest effect in the control of wilt compared with other bio-agent treatments. The sawdust and powder bio-agent formulations significantly reduced the disease severity of wilt on Lupine, as well as improved growth parameters (shoot, root, and plant length and seed yield/plant) of lupine plants compared with control treatment.

A Field experiment was performed using artificial infection with a highly pathogenic isolate of Fusarium subglutinans the causal agent of sugarcane pokkah boeng (PB) disease. The effects of foliar spray of plants by certain microelements on PB disease severity (DS), cane yield and juice quality of sugarcane at two consecutive seasons were studied. The foliar spray sugarcane variety G.T. 54-9 with each of zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) individually or in mixture (Zn + Mn + Fe) significantly reduced the DS compared to the control plants. Applying each microelement individually was less effective in the reduction of the DS compared to microelements mixture application. The incidence of the disease decreased with increasing the spray frequency. Three foliar sprays gave the highest reduction of DS compared to one or two sprays. Spraying with the tested microelements either individually or in mixture significantly increased the net cane yield, the sugar yield and recovery percentage in sugarcane juice, as well as raised the values of reducing sugar percentage. The greatest increase of reducing sugar percentage was obtained by mixture applications followed by single application in both seasons. According to our results, microelements spray holds a great promise to enhance resistance in sugarcane plants against PB disease and to increase both cane yield and quality of sugarcane juice.

Global population growth poses a threat to sustainable development. Meanwhile, the use of plant proteins as healthy and sustainable alternatives to animal proteins needs further research. Therefore, this investigation was designed to study the nutritive, structural, and thermal properties of isolated protein fractions from different legumes, i.e., faba bean (FPI), soybean (SPI), and lupine (LPI). As a prospective plant-based protein powder, an equal mixture (MPI) of the three prior legume samples was formulated to study its properties compared to each sole sample. The alkaline extraction and isoelectric precipitation (AE-IP) technique was used for protein isolation. Results showed that all protein isolates had reasonable levels of protein with maximum protein content in SPI (96.15%). The MPI sample, however, came out on top in terms of amino acid profile followed by FBI. Compared to SPI and LPI, it had the highest isoleucine content and higher methionine, valine, leucine, phenylalanine, and lysine. Moreover, MPI showed a median particle charge (−37.1 mV) compared to FPI, SPI, and LPI samples. MPI sample peak showed resistance to heat denaturation at a temperature greater than 200 °C when the DSC test
was conducted. With respect to its rheological characteristics, it outperformed the other three protein isolates and exhibited the highest values of storage modulus G’ and loss modulus G”. Consequently, our study suggests that pulse-derived protein isolate mixture can be used as a unique type of nutritious dietary protein supplement. It could be a good nutritional alternative to proteins derived from animals.

Fusarium graminearum produces zearalenone (ZEA), a mycotoxin that is widely found in
food and feed products and is toxic to humans and livestock. Piper sarmentosum extract (PSE) inhibits
F. graminearum, and Oroxylin A appears to be a major antifungal compound in PSE. The aim of this
study is to quantify the Oroxylin A content in PSE using UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS, and to investigate the
antagonistic activity of Oroxylin A against F. graminearum and its inhibitory effect on ZEA production.
The results indicate that Oroxylin A inhibits both fungal growth and ZEA production in a dosedependent
manner. Oroxylin A treatment downregulated the mRNA expression of zearalenone
biosynthesis protein 1 (ZEB1) and zearalenone biosynthesis protein 2 (ZEB2). The metabolomics
analysis of F. graminearum mycelia indicated that the level of ribose 5-phosphate (R5P) deceased
(p < 0.05) after Oroxylin A treatment (64–128 ng/mL). Moreover, as the Oroxylin A treatment content
increased from 64 to 128 ng/mL, the levels of cis-aconitate (p < 0.05) and fumarate (p < 0.01) were
upregulated successively. A correlation analysis further showed that the decreased R5P level was
positively correlated with ZEB1 and ZEB2 expression, while the increased cis-aconitate and fumarate
levels were negatively correlated with ZEB1 and ZEB2 expression. These findings demonstrate the
potential of Oroxylin A as a natural agent to control toxigenic fungi and their mycotoxin.

In this study, we performed a quantitative analysis of 12 compounds derived from
Piper sarmentosum extract (PSE) and guava leaf extract (GE). In addition, we
investigated the effects of mixed extract (ME) of PSE and GE (1:1) on piglets' gut
microbiome and metabolome. A total of 200 piglets (Duroc × Landrace × Large
Yorkshire, 21‐day‐old) were randomly assigned into two groups with five replicates
of 20 piglets/pen having the same initial body weight. Piglets were fed a basal diet
supplemented with ME at 0 (T0) or 200 mg/kg (T1) for 3 weeks. The quantitation
results by ultraperformance liquid chromatography linked to triple‐quadrupole
tandem mass spectrometry showed that vitexin 2‐O‐rhamnoside and pellitorine
were the greatest abundant among six compounds detected in the PSE. In addition,
quercetin, isoquercitrin and avicularin were found to be the richest of all detected
compounds in the GE. Findings on experimental animals indicated that three
differential metabolites, comprising L‐alanine, sarcosine and dihydrofolic acid, in T1
compared with T0 groups, have exactly opposite levels trends in serum and faeces.
Moreover, two metabolic pathways (i.e., urea cycle and glutamate metabolism)
differed significantly in the serum and faeces of piglets betweenT0 and T1 (p < 0.05).
At the same time, T1 had significantly higher relative abundances of Agathobacter
and Alloprevotella than T0 at genus level (p < 0.05). Correlation analysis revealed that
the genus Agathobacter correlated positively with carbamoyl phosphate (p < 0.01)
and oxoglutaric acid (p < 0.05), and negatively with succinic acid (p < 0.01) and
ornithine (p < 0.05). These four differential metabolites were also involved in the
urea cycle and/or glutamate metabolism pathways. The results here indicated that
the tested plant extract mixture represents a worthy feed additive with obvious
antioxidative properties.