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Intrathecal ketamine has been studied extensively in animals, but rarely in humans. Intrathecal dexmedetomidine prolongs the duration of spinal anesthesia. Objective: To investigate the efficacy and safety of intrathecal dexmedetomidine, ketamine, or both when added to bupivacaine for postoperative analgesia in major abdominal cancer surgery. Design: Double-blinded, randomized, controlled trial. Setting: Academic medical center. Methods: Ninety patients were randomly allocated to receive either intrathecal 10 mg of hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5% and 5 μg of dexmedetomidine (group I, n = 30), 10 mg of hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5% and 0.1 mg/kg ketamine (group II, n = 30), or 10 mg of hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5% and 5 μg of dexmedetomidine plus 0.1 mg/kg of ketamine (group III, n = 30). Hemodynamics, pain score, time to first request of analgesia, total PCA morphine consumption, sedation score, and adverse effects in the first 24 hours postoperatively were recorded. Results: Time to first request of analgesia was longer in group II (7.42 ± 1.43 h) and group III (13.00 ± 7.31h) compared to group I (3.50 ± 1.57 h). PCA morphine consumption was less in group III (6.67 ± 2.8 mg) compared to group I (9.16 ± 3.63 mg) and group II (8.66 ± 3.49 mg). Group III showed lower postoperative pain scores, and a higher incidence of postoperative sedation (P 0.03). Limitations: This study is limited by its relatively small sample size. Conclusion: In conclusion, the combination of intrathecal dexmedetomidine and ketamine provided superior postoperative analgesia, prolonged the time to first request of rescue analgesia, and reduced the total consumption of PCA morphine, without serious side effects compared to either drug alone.

Intrathecal ketamine has been studied extensively in animals, but rarely in humans. Intrathecal dexmedetomidine prolongs the duration of spinal anesthesia. Objective: To investigate the efficacy and safety of intrathecal dexmedetomidine, ketamine, or both when added to bupivacaine for postoperative analgesia in major abdominal cancer surgery. Design: Double-blinded, randomized, controlled trial. Setting: Academic medical center. Methods: Ninety patients were randomly allocated to receive either intrathecal 10 mg of hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5% and 5 μg of dexmedetomidine (group I, n = 30), 10 mg of hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5% and 0.1 mg/kg ketamine (group II, n = 30), or 10 mg of hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5% and 5 μg of dexmedetomidine plus 0.1 mg/kg of ketamine (group III, n = 30). Hemodynamics, pain score, time to first request of analgesia, total PCA morphine consumption, sedation score, and adverse effects in the first 24 hours postoperatively were recorded. Results: Time to first request of analgesia was longer in group II (7.42 ± 1.43 h) and group III (13.00 ± 7.31h) compared to group I (3.50 ± 1.57 h). PCA morphine consumption was less in group III (6.67 ± 2.8 mg) compared to group I (9.16 ± 3.63 mg) and group II (8.66 ± 3.49 mg). Group III showed lower postoperative pain scores, and a higher incidence of postoperative sedation (P 0.03). Limitations: This study is limited by its relatively small sample size. Conclusion: In conclusion, the combination of intrathecal dexmedetomidine and ketamine provided superior postoperative analgesia, prolonged the time to first request of rescue analgesia, and reduced the total consumption of PCA morphine, without serious side effects compared to either drug alone.

Intrathecal ketamine has been studied extensively in animals, but rarely in humans. Intrathecal dexmedetomidine prolongs the duration of spinal anesthesia. Objective: To investigate the efficacy and safety of intrathecal dexmedetomidine, ketamine, or both when added to bupivacaine for postoperative analgesia in major abdominal cancer surgery. Design: Double-blinded, randomized, controlled trial. Setting: Academic medical center. Methods: Ninety patients were randomly allocated to receive either intrathecal 10 mg of hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5% and 5 μg of dexmedetomidine (group I, n = 30), 10 mg of hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5% and 0.1 mg/kg ketamine (group II, n = 30), or 10 mg of hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5% and 5 μg of dexmedetomidine plus 0.1 mg/kg of ketamine (group III, n = 30). Hemodynamics, pain score, time to first request of analgesia, total PCA morphine consumption, sedation score, and adverse effects in the first 24 hours postoperatively were recorded. Results: Time to first request of analgesia was longer in group II (7.42 ± 1.43 h) and group III (13.00 ± 7.31h) compared to group I (3.50 ± 1.57 h). PCA morphine consumption was less in group III (6.67 ± 2.8 mg) compared to group I (9.16 ± 3.63 mg) and group II (8.66 ± 3.49 mg). Group III showed lower postoperative pain scores, and a higher incidence of postoperative sedation (P 0.03). Limitations: This study is limited by its relatively small sample size. Conclusion: In conclusion, the combination of intrathecal dexmedetomidine and ketamine provided superior postoperative analgesia, prolonged the time to first request of rescue analgesia, and reduced the total consumption of PCA morphine, without serious side effects compared to either drug alone.

The optimum dose of dexmedetomidine for shivering control with the least hemodynamic derangements is still under research. Objective: To compare the efficacy, hemodynamic and side effects of dexmedetomidine in 3 different doses with those of meperidine for the treatment of shivering in patients undergoing spinal anesthesia for minor elective lower abdominal surgery. Study Design: Prospective double-blind randomized clinically controlled study. Setting: University hospital. Methods: One hundred twenty patients who developed shivering under spinal anesthesia. On shivering, patients were randomly allocated to receive an intravenous 2 mL bolus dose of meperidine 0.4 mg/kg (meperidine group, n = 30), dexmedetomidine 0.5 μg/kg (DEX I group, n = 30), 0.3 μg/kg (DEX II group, n = 30), or 0.2μg/kg (DEX III group, n = 30). Control of shivering, time taken for cessation of shivering, response rate, recurrence, hemodynamic changes, sedation score, tympanic temperature, and side effects were noted and compared between groups. Results: The groups were comparable regarding demographic profile, tympanic temperature decline, and shivering onset time (P > 0.05). Lower shivering cessation time (P 0.001) and higher response rate (P 0.01) were observed in DEX I and II groups compared with DEX III and meperidine groups, with a nonsignificant difference between DEX I and II groups. Recurrence of shivering activity was higher in DEX III group (36.7%, P 0.01) compared with DEX I (10%), DEX II (6.7%) and meperidine (16.7%) groups. Lower heart rates, systolic and diastolic blood pressure mean values were recorded in DEX I group (P 0.05). Nine patients (30%) in DEX I group were in levels 3 – 5 of sedation (P 0.02) compared with 5 (16.66%), 2 (6.66%), and 4 (13.3) patients in DEX II, DEX III, and meperidine groups, respectively. Limitations: This study is limited by its small sample size. Conclusions: Among the 3 doses investigated, dexmedetomidine 0.3μg/kg effectively treated shivering associated with spinal anesthesia with modest hemodynamic and sedation effects. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02382432.

The optimum dose of dexmedetomidine for shivering control with the least hemodynamic derangements is still under research. Objective: To compare the efficacy, hemodynamic and side effects of dexmedetomidine in 3 different doses with those of meperidine for the treatment of shivering in patients undergoing spinal anesthesia for minor elective lower abdominal surgery. Study Design: Prospective double-blind randomized clinically controlled study. Setting: University hospital. Methods: One hundred twenty patients who developed shivering under spinal anesthesia. On shivering, patients were randomly allocated to receive an intravenous 2 mL bolus dose of meperidine 0.4 mg/kg (meperidine group, n = 30), dexmedetomidine 0.5 μg/kg (DEX I group, n = 30), 0.3 μg/kg (DEX II group, n = 30), or 0.2μg/kg (DEX III group, n = 30). Control of shivering, time taken for cessation of shivering, response rate, recurrence, hemodynamic changes, sedation score, tympanic temperature, and side effects were noted and compared between groups. Results: The groups were comparable regarding demographic profile, tympanic temperature decline, and shivering onset time (P > 0.05). Lower shivering cessation time (P 0.001) and higher response rate (P 0.01) were observed in DEX I and II groups compared with DEX III and meperidine groups, with a nonsignificant difference between DEX I and II groups. Recurrence of shivering activity was higher in DEX III group (36.7%, P 0.01) compared with DEX I (10%), DEX II (6.7%) and meperidine (16.7%) groups. Lower heart rates, systolic and diastolic blood pressure mean values were recorded in DEX I group (P 0.05). Nine patients (30%) in DEX I group were in levels 3 – 5 of sedation (P 0.02) compared with 5 (16.66%), 2 (6.66%), and 4 (13.3) patients in DEX II, DEX III, and meperidine groups, respectively. Limitations: This study is limited by its small sample size. Conclusions: Among the 3 doses investigated, dexmedetomidine 0.3μg/kg effectively treated shivering associated with spinal anesthesia with modest hemodynamic and sedation effects. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02382432.

The optimum dose of dexmedetomidine for shivering control with the least hemodynamic derangements is still under research. Objective: To compare the efficacy, hemodynamic and side effects of dexmedetomidine in 3 different doses with those of meperidine for the treatment of shivering in patients undergoing spinal anesthesia for minor elective lower abdominal surgery. Study Design: Prospective double-blind randomized clinically controlled study. Setting: University hospital. Methods: One hundred twenty patients who developed shivering under spinal anesthesia. On shivering, patients were randomly allocated to receive an intravenous 2 mL bolus dose of meperidine 0.4 mg/kg (meperidine group, n = 30), dexmedetomidine 0.5 μg/kg (DEX I group, n = 30), 0.3 μg/kg (DEX II group, n = 30), or 0.2μg/kg (DEX III group, n = 30). Control of shivering, time taken for cessation of shivering, response rate, recurrence, hemodynamic changes, sedation score, tympanic temperature, and side effects were noted and compared between groups. Results: The groups were comparable regarding demographic profile, tympanic temperature decline, and shivering onset time (P > 0.05). Lower shivering cessation time (P 0.001) and higher response rate (P 0.01) were observed in DEX I and II groups compared with DEX III and meperidine groups, with a nonsignificant difference between DEX I and II groups. Recurrence of shivering activity was higher in DEX III group (36.7%, P 0.01) compared with DEX I (10%), DEX II (6.7%) and meperidine (16.7%) groups. Lower heart rates, systolic and diastolic blood pressure mean values were recorded in DEX I group (P 0.05). Nine patients (30%) in DEX I group were in levels 3 – 5 of sedation (P 0.02) compared with 5 (16.66%), 2 (6.66%), and 4 (13.3) patients in DEX II, DEX III, and meperidine groups, respectively. Limitations: This study is limited by its small sample size. Conclusions: Among the 3 doses investigated, dexmedetomidine 0.3μg/kg effectively treated shivering associated with spinal anesthesia with modest hemodynamic and sedation effects. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02382432.