In this paper, C-means algorithm is fuzzified and regularized by incorporating both local data and membership information. The local membership information is incorporated via two membership relative entropy (MRE) functions. These MRE functions measure the information proximity of the membership function of each pixel to the membership average in the immediate spatial neighborhood. Then minimizing these MRE functions pushes the membership function of a pixel toward its average in the pixel vicinity. The resulting algorithm is called the Local Membership Relative Entropy based FCM (LMREFCM). The local data information is incorporated into the LMREFCM algorithm by adding to the standard distance a weighted distance computed from the locally smoothed data. The final resulting algorithm, called the Local Data and Membership Relative Entropy based FCM (LDMREFCM), assigns a pixel to the cluster more likely existing in its immediate neighborhoods. This provides noise immunity and results in clustered images with piecewise homogeneous regions. Simulation results of segmentation of synthetic and real-world noisy images are presented to compare the performance of the proposed LMREFCM and LDMREFCM algorithms with several FCM-related algorithms

In this paper, a fuzzy clustering technique for image segmentation is developed by incorporating a hybrid of local spatial membership and data information into the conventional hard C-means (HCM) algorithm. This incorporation is a threefold procedure. (1) The membership function of a pixel is spatially smoothed in the pixel vicinity. (2) The Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence between the pixel membership function and the smoothed one is added to the HCM objective function for fuzzification. (3) The resulting fuzzified HCM is regularized by adding a weighted HCM-like function where the original pixel data are replaced by locally smoothed ones. Thereby the weight is proportional to the residual of the locally smoothed membership. This residual decreases when many pixels existing in the pixel vicinity belong to the same cluster. Thus, the weighted distance decreases, allowing the pixel membership to follow the dominant membership in the pixel vicinity. The simulation results of segmenting synthetic, medical and media images have shown that the proposed algorithm provides better performance compared to several previously developed algorithms. For example, in a synthetic image, with added white Gaussian noise having a variance of 0.3, the proposed algorithm provides accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of 92%, 84% and 94.7% respectively, while the algorithm with the closest results provides 81.9% of accuracy, 62.2% of sensitivity and 86.8% of specificity. In addition, the proposed algorithm shows the capability to identify the number of clusters.

Automated guided vehicles have been widely used in flexible manufacturing systems especially in a job shop and flow shop. Recently, they are included in other fields such as container terminals. This paper demonstrates a literature review of the last three decades about the scheduling problems of the automated guided vehicles in three main classes, namely job shops, flow shops, and container terminals. We classify the literature according to the scheduling problems and the solution approaches. The results of the survey are that the solution methods mainly focus on using simulation as a key performance analysis tool, whereas, the big computation times of the developed mathematical models make heuristics approaches are dominant for solving such models. After that, we discuss research gaps to the purpose of finding new research directions.

Fifteen self-consolidating concrete (SCC) as well as five steel fiber-reinforced self-consolidating concrete (SFR-SCC) mixes using full-length crimped steel fibers were developed and tested in order to optimize a suitable(SFR-SCC) mix for repair of beams. Water-cementitious materials (w/cm) ratio, sand/coarse aggregate ratio and presence of basalt dust were the main variables taken into consideration. The test results showed that the mix design for the SCC mixes without steel fibers can be achieved by satisfying the flowability criterion.But for the design of self- consolidating concrete mixes with steel fibers , both theflowability and passing ability criteria must be satisfied. Basalt dust was found to be necessary for SCC mixes without fibers with sand/coarse aggregate ratios of 0.9 and 0.8, and also for developing SCC mixes with crimped steel fibers. SFR-SCC mix with sand/coarse aggregate of 1.1 had satisfactory results in both fresh and hardened properties. SFR-SCC mixes with sand/coarse aggregate of 0.9 and 0.8 did not satisfy fresh properties criteria even with dust/coarse aggregate ratio of 0.4. The suggested SFR-SCC mix was used to repair a beam cracked due to shear stresses. For this purpose, two RC beams were cast and tested under three-point loading. One beam was tested as control beam and the other beam was repaired using the suggested mix. The inclined cracking and ultimate load of the repaired beam were increased by87.5% and 91% comparing to the control beam, respectively.The flexural stiffness was increased significantly for the repaired beam comparing tothe control beam. The test results also showed the great contribution of SFR-SCCin both compression and tension zones.

مقدمة يشهد العالم في الوقت الحاضر اهتماما متزايدا بقضايا البيئة والتنمية المستدامة، حيث ظهر أن نموذج التنمية الحالي أصبح مرتبطا بأسلوب الحياة الاستهلاكي وعدم الترشيد، والذي أدى بدوره إلي أزمات بيئية متفاقمة. ولتحقيق التكامل في استدامة مجتمعات المدن العربية المعاصرة ينبغي تطبيق مفاهيم الاستدامة على مستوى المبنى والبيئة العمرانية. فقد كان الترشيد في الاستخدام فطرة حياتية وسلوك تلقائي ذو مرجعية في المجتمعات العربية ومدن عمارة المسلمين. وقد حث ديننا الإسلامي علي عدم الإسراف والحفاظ على البيئة، وتجانس العمران مع المستعمل في بوتقة متناغمة، والتكامل بين الجانب البيئي والسيكولوجي والسلوكي للإنسان بالإضافة إلى الجانب الروحي والمادي، وهو ما تعاني منه مدننا العربية المعاصرة. ويمثل المسجد احد أهم المنشآت الدينية التي توجب ضرورة تحقيق مفهوم الترشيد بها ومن ثم تحقيق مفهوم الإستدامة. فرضية البحث: إن المسجد هو المكان الذي يتعلم فيه المسلم كل أمور حياته، وإذا كانت عمارة المسجد تراعى مفاهيم الترشيد في الاستهلاك في مرحلة التصميم فإن ذلك سينعكس على كافة أنشطة الإنسان المسلم وبالتالي على المجتمع بالكامل وعلى كافة الأبنية الأخرى. هدف البحث: تأصيل دور وأهمية المساجد في تطبيق مفهوم الترشيد في الاستهلاك بالمدن العربية المعاصرة. منهجية البحث: تحليل واستنباط طرق تطبيق مفاهيم الترشيد في الاستهلاك في عمارة المساجد العربية المعاصرة.

NULL

NULL

We present a real-time open source machine vision code that can detect motion of cells/droplets inside microchannels and control flow parameters accordingly. Our code is based on LabView software, which is available in most laboratories and can be downloaded to a palm-size device to carry program capabilities everywhere. We demonstrate code capabilities in controlling flow velocity of red blood cells, differentiating RBC’s from other cells in blood, and in differentiating between osteoblasts and stem cells labeled with different fluorescent dyes.

NULL

Fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) jacketing has emerged as an effective way to retrofit concrete columns in recent years. The existing experimental work on FRP confined concrete column is mainly concentrated on concrete columns under concentric loading. Therefore, this research involves the study of nonlinear finite element analysis of FRP confined square and rectangular R.C. columns under both axial compressive and lateral loads. Lateral load was taken as a ratio of the axial compressive loads "H/ Pc". The effects of the FRP layer number, concrete compressive strength, percentage of main steel, rectangularity of columns and various ratios of lateral loads to centric load on FRP confined concrete columns were investigated theoretically. The results of this work were compared with previous work [1] considered the behavior of square and rectangular columns confined with CFRP under centric loads. All studied columns were modeled using the nonlinear finite element analysis. The main variables studied were the cross-section shape of the column “R”, concrete grade “C”, the percentage of area of the main longitudinal steel “As%” and the number of layers of CFRP sheet “NL”. The FEM results indicated that R.C. columns externally wrapped with CFRP sheet showed a significant improvement in both capacity and ductility.